Give a reaction between two nucleons, similab9xsgplg )/mqvvo( n)r en, ;:r to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a n/;( grmqsngv: bo p9lxv))e,$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that itsh 9ii/9mm; cyd0zx vs5la1rt: xe71jv kinetic energy is much greater than itzh ai9mm17 v5y t:c ;/09xielv1d xrjss rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to they 6glt+7ncjzw,egj u ,m8 9/a;zj*xri constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of szjc8 x y*,n;gzji+wj6ltg,97au /m reuch antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electks, jq3cezykif0w 544p3y 0vzromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of4liub5 98tybxq*5yzz a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all dec 84yi*lx5quzt5 byzb9ays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction e 0+nyqw uf3 1,7oweg/vwch-sbven though the neutron and one of its decay prov +sfw3qw1,he0wgy/ n ucbo7-ducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic,4fy/fuornk ta3qg5 b8isb)- 6 weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A pro 83t5a/bf6y 4-g uqbnkro)ifston?

Check that charge and baryon number are coyk )e(hebq7tjg5q h36 nserved in each of the decays in Table h5e3qt( k6j7gqye )hb 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagneticc-z, tdo/ bo,s interacti/-ozo,cb,sd t on?

Which of the particle decays in Tableqdcikgmz 8 0n*unw,veb3 f,41 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and whfg 9+1guhk) piow j4ii)f ;vx5y, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electrohepk-f64 a 6uumagnetic interactuf 4kpha 66ue-ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak h11mp84 pm1m-e- gjmru7m9j6ebb nb p interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were ax +7+5ld a6ut3xhic,ec1s aj -j/qaqm kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak+xcdlq c+,3 j5stq7heuimax j-/1a6a force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both 5 eivoox)f +:n
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible m9f :x4ffpfy (to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two mp(49fx ffy :fantiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when thjb3 op+lxxw ;l;b*l)pnojtv40n fm :5ey are inside the nucleusxl )opp5nl4m;n ot;+ 3fxb wbvjl:*0j?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Ge-5: mz0/jv mhndjg ( jn:itzk)6d4o cnV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35- -5m mwf4tn/ys16mymaz at)4dGeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyq g5 qv.n011nau+vsiud u*v: mclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution forb*8 z93noqc .)cf j jav81adjr a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radv.jd jr38caj*)1 zoa8nbc 9fqius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelewhq;kq . i:x1erated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details9e04 /d -mz:mv p1gvvhku- zakor8uy/ of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each ofy0p :9h8v/kd1zegrvk4/vma u-om -zu their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV.qyp7wyrrbgr. h/v l5f6: .q/n How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25f wq/b7rl 6y5:yrh .nvr/gqp. MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (y u nc5:t1nn*2gx (tdl$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerc,cxtl2 wzg985b r0njgu l83date deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnet 5wn.bf fuzokmz3:u 9.s for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will ..muzw5 z3u: fnkbfo9be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the ener9pm(hq2dg u rdh9m (-7(hmbxigies of th-xrdgi( hphqu2 99b7(( d mmmhe stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partivi,sk9;x1xh6m xkppqgh9e 76cle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-k8kf fuf kcf3-3m-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B =cff3k u ff3-k8    T

  How much energy is releasrr s6uw t1c9olv/t*w*ed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is rela0wvf/p xkk16eased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to product frtnkn2dpl t1z0o4(tc y2- t5; lkg+e a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range odk bsj36h th.f:9;hl7 .rhbl qf the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon i 6 h; t7hlj3 rbdkshfql.9h:b.nstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward el i26m4h az,rpach other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each h apl2hm 6irz4,ave if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each hava,ga0h74s7wax:o3q w-hu zb ;u hk x2ve if they are traveling at the same speed towarda7s4 3wo;wkh aa hu0ux v,7-2xqgzhb: each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of thf9ky i ji;ef5,( jjaa+e weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 t5i,af ei (k;jyj9a+jfo $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when al1 be;uy2q8yx, p ht5j proton and antiproton at rest an l;8pj 51e xtbyh,2uqynihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving nu. s074 yislsj)co /wl-py t6momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?o)tjui.0/clpl4-76 nysyws s

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when hwmfy6 /j(vi pv0icyx:b5(s :an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihil/f :(ip(v mcy05j:ibwhx6 ysv ate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? Fo y.z 3okmz a0ss)91xbur those forbidden, explain what laws are violata9 bs1 m o0u)3zykx.zsed.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two gz,b*,eczhmzy/ h*zi 0+l2i xproducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic e405 +uvjja mq* j l jqk*.xequ8v)n0jxnergy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifett65h j(m g6:fke-bwrmime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o 5vooudr*b;1 r, dzq2ew 8e8g.ed y.-romz; xdf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of t 78fayu*w h rdj4 .j,m1d3lbmdhe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy widtzbztaif-e; wwm 0z6.0h (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, ei2q+ku5x/h8j ct7r zaxplain which laws arxi jkh25/ 7tuz8r+ cqae violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinationsl+8qdxm /r+og that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c)xmlr/++8ogd q a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark comibhpi6o 5+3.z yv):(cjeh q rabinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to *5q5k, pqgtzb produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reae+ad, tro0/vg ction ag0r,do/e t+ v$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reaction :w 77;ubputr e$n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? 0xas(sf vax *:rm:0wv What is its ws0av fwav0(*sxxmr : :avelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron pbwr c6b0y;wnpmy- bl5 ;7p e8with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.58mypbycln bwwr p-b 0;p5;6e7 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy iu2l1flgo ab*o*, a8y rs released when an electron and a positron annihilate each othe og ol1yf*ua2,bra*l8r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are pp ijbm/6* ut6 .,nurechcw./o p7qzp(ossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those fmi.n qbtc667ppj*,czw /uho .rpu/e (orbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what icylr5 :78nzw onteraction could they occur? For those forbiddeo: 5cyz8wlrn 7n, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for agc.bd 1u/wxe : $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abou9*i )jw c8vsu xmp(/ci )rxo7wh(fa(lt $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-wcjuy6; o;wm 4,xrk8 r4, for producing a pion. o84rj ucw ,6x;wr;kym $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactios muz/1i:ugf h9;nt *pn $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions a -rpf7t 5qy0wwaa:o5zd3f4lb)i ,sfere there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annih39oqw( ez nx7nilate each other at rest and produce two pions, o3(7qn wx ez9n$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance oftc + 8dp( uel*hzi3+sy $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed inthuec:; uss:os(yi-a. k0vo7 Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic eneo uh(sscye- u;v:0a. ot ksi7:rgy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particlspv:kvinlchz +v y))0.r-adin2f k71 e in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe ther+ ppxvnv8gw.7 jpp+qdz39f+ reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spep*.zwaf*0rjul- 7 ;yo .bzn jw-e9udved of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?