Which of the followingybe2 ,. fvgag+ physical quantities has the same SI unit as the radioactive deca 2, vy+egb.agfy constant?

  The diagram below shows the graph of bindin ;tmklg0*8- dphn+;9/lzgs- c07ru e sgliud dg energy per nucleon vs. the mass (nucleon) m gczi 7rdg9;*+ esn--k8tull/s dl; ughdp0 0number of some elements.

Which is the most stable nucleus?

  A student uses the arrangement shown belil13z0le)vn yow to ascertain the type of radiation emitted by a given sample of rad0en1 z)yllvi 3ioactive material.

The SI unit of radioactive decay constant is $s^{−1}$, which is the same as that of frequency.When the sheet of paper is in the position shown, a count rate of 720 Bq is recorded. When she lowers the thick sheet of paper so as to obstruct the direct path between the source and the detector, the count rate drops to 18 Bq. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the data collected?

  The binding energy o.uxl t cjiqxy7 ,:m:,u)k gh9ef $^4_2He$ is 28 MeV. What is its binding energy per nucleon?

  In the absence of the strong nu2 b4xw4wcd(xoe/: xm hclear force, a large nucleus would be even more unstable than a small nucleus. Which one of the foll/mxxwdw2hexb( 4c 4o :owing is the best explanation?

  An element X is bombarded with alpha particles and a new elemeyjeeusx;i-13 nt Y is formed with a neutron emitted. The following equation can be written for the nuclear react u1e-3sj xeiy;ion.

The atomic numbers of X and Y are A and B respectively. Which of the following is correct for A and B?

  Consider the following statements about nuclear binding + kyy3tu q3-upq+a3deenergy:
The nuclear binding energy is:
I. proportional to the mass defect from nucleus formation.
II. the energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons.
III. the energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus.
Which of the statements are correct?

  A nuclide of a radioactive element Q can be rep 7/- *d7espu h8uqowturesented as $^{234}_{90}Q$. The nuclide undergoes two negative beta decays and one alpha decay. Which of the following configurations correctly represents the daughter nuclide R?

The graph shows the vacin0ctlg1- b m)zon)hj ;o/2 iriation of the measured activity of an isotope sample with time. b0tci2;lc z g ji)n)m -o1hon/

1.State what is meant by activity.
2.Explain why the activity graph doesn’t approach zero as time increases.
3.The activity graph is corrected so as to reach zero as time increases as shown below.

(1)Determine the half-life of the sample.
(2)The initial mass of this sample was 248 g. Determine the time that would elapse before 31 g of the sample remained.

  A 1.20 kg sample of a radioactive isot7s +93k/i*s3 yzlxlh s 0ygnjbope decaying via beta decay with a half-life of 30 minutes is observed in a closed co037+xjlslzb*yhy is/9nk 3g sntainer in a laboratory. The decay results in a daughter nucleus that is also a solid. What is the approximate total mass measured after 90 minutes?

  The activity of a 100% *d w2ymso35 + (yewvaau,sds-pure radioactive sample is $10^6\,Bq$. The activity of the sample after 20% of nuclei have decayed is:

  During experiments observing beta decays, it was seen tlm82xi s*oh xeol2( 6uhat the energy spectrum of the( oihx8lsu2olem * 6x2 beta particles is continuous and momentum conservation was violated in beta decays. This provided evidence for the existence of:

  Which of the following radioactive dkhq;es1b4( ,o 87 qdbn6pzsikecays can cause the production of a daughter nucleus to be 46s7k ,dno1iqqbe zh(k;s b8p a different element than the parent nucleus?
I. α decay
II. β decay
III. γ decay

  A pure radioactive sample of mass m8 0x8q1i fl9smdrhvgtwwyz7;1 zdfex)- ,v v( has a decay constant of λ. Its activity is given by A. Another pure sample of the same material has a mass 2m. Consider the following statements about the sample of mass 2m after an interval of two half lives.m98-i,f;g1 hyq) wl(w 8xfs7d 0z 1z rvetxvdv
I. The decay constant is $\frac{λ}{2}$​.
II. The activity is $\frac{A}{2}$​.
III. The mass of decayed nucleons in the sample is $\frac{m}{2}$​.
Which of the statements is/are correct?

  The binding energy per nucleon oi 7*hhcflp )i-+ cwc 0/shuea(f a $^A_ZX$ nucleus is E. What is the mass defect for the formation of X from its constituent nucleons?

1.The following reaction takesqg 6w+3:xyxwoom; u 3jc4a aarfd3k,/ place in a nuclear reactor:
$^{235}_{92}U$+$^1_0n$→$^{144}_{56}Ba$+$^{89}_{36}Kr$+$3^1_0n$
(1)Differentiate between fission and fusion reactions.
(2)Determine whether this reaction is a nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
2.The following data is given for this reaction:
The binding energy per nucleon of $235^​U$ = 7.59 MeV
The binding energy per nucleon of $144​^Ba$ = 8.27 MeV
The binding energy per nucleon of $89^​Kr$ = 8.62 MeV
Calculate the energy released from this reaction.

  A nucleus $A^​$X has a mass defect of N unified atomic mass units, Nu. What is the correct expression for its binding energy per nucleon?

  1.Uranium-235 $(^{235}_{92}​U)$ has a nuclear mass of 235.044 u.
(1)State what is meant by mass defect.
(2)Calculate the mass defect of uranium-235. $δ$ =    $u$
2.(1)Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of uranium-235. $binding energy per nucleon$ =    $MeV$
(2)On the axes given, sketch the variation of the binding energy per nucleon with the nucleon number. Label the position of uranium-235. There is no need to add numbers to the axes.

3.Uranium-235 ( $^{235}_{92}​U$) decays into thorium-231 ( $^{231}_{90}Th$).
Determine which nuclide has a higher binding energy per nucleon. Use the graph to justify your answer.

1.Define decay constantv e+yvvjkvo7i:t6.s2 .
2.Mushrooms contain a radioactive element called caesium-137, $^{137}_P{55}$​Cs . The element has a half-life of 30$yr$ and a sample of living mushrooms has a constant decay rate of 2000 2000Bq for every kg of mass. A sample of 50g is extracted from a dried mushroom and the activity is measured as 0.80Bq.
(1)Caesium-137 decays to barium-137, $^{137}_{56}Ba$, by beta emission. Complete the nuclear reaction equation of this decay, showing both particles emitted in the decay.
$^{137}_P{55}$​Cs→ ______ +$^{137}_{56}Ba$ + ______
(2)Show that the decay constant of caesium-137 is about 0.023 $yr^{−1}$.
(3)Given that the amount of caesium in the mushroom stops being replenished once the mushroom is no longer living, determine the age of the dried mushroom.
3.Some other radioactive substances have half-lives of thousands of years. Outline the method used for determining the half-life of these kinds of substances.

  A stationary nucleus of uranium-238 undergoes alpha deca4dablk / *ll8(5c4,/kon gct kqx 6ybhy to form thorium-234. The initial speed of the alpha particle is v. What is correct about the magnitude o dbq4*4lkxabo t6k/,c/g k 8( l5ynclhf the thorium-234 velocity and its direction?

The plutonium isotop3 oo3x q79vn09pi3x4wj;- yk ulmzg mde $^{238}_{94}​Pu undergoes alpha decay.

1.Define isotope.
2.Rewrite this decay equation, filling in any missing information.
3.Plutonium undergoes a decay series. The graph below shows a part of this decay series.

(1)One type of decay cannot be represented on this diagram. Outline this type of decay and justify your answer.
(2)State the type of decay of $^{230}_{90}​Th$ that is represented on the diagram above. Justify your answer.
(3)Isotope X undergoes an alpha decay followed by a beta minus decay to produce isotope Y. Label the position of isotope Y on the diagram.
4.Compare the penetrating powers of alpha, beta and gamma radiation.