Give a reaction between two nucleons, stu .y. kih),u)z*a4lww *r t nako9fx3imilar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a x kt9 o)h3)4 uzai n.y*utw*wlkr.fa,$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so thatl +mzf(sq3wu2 7(k7 jrbjf;w/jh 8 yqq its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest rj(w8ubj7 jf qhy+q2k/ sqm73 lw;fz(energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constitueb.f7syhu.8 )x5lzc 4 up2zana nts of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normaznus b2)ux z4 a5c7ly.8pfh .al world of matter?

What particle in a decay signalpzz7+.y z5n0 i vn)moos the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence ofs9zllwe/aw8t)w- j+ g a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via 9swt-jz8l l/g w)a+ew the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction evenpz. unj5 vh3knr fo9/e1qg: 5v though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) arzv :n 5/3j q9.eop vh15unkfgre strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromavgmox -n)bn-k7vl6p c90t xg/gnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A negbtv 7cpn0 xl-9)/on-g 6mvxkutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each oqwy)0)6fd ca6+t nrxx9vlgx3f the decays in Table 30taqgc9xd x+vx3w nf 6)r)y6l2-2.

Which of the particle decays in ht47m-w+hl konpr z h(hs..u/Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interact7(-. /4 +khwohpmthzn.s h ulrion?

Which of the particle decay+/+ zy4jeczp prh *+cbs in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why,v: z ai ze1,nu+ ,/vrxlc/xqs: does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 3fw2ksf k n*p1. 3ascz12-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?1ss3*ap fkk cnz.1fw 2

Which of the particle decays in Table 3qjg 9ce9ik,j4 qzww;6k2+v jx2-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was masslessvvgz6 g5 i63ie, had no color charge or electrical charge53zv66ig ig ve, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to 6kzrk1xdb s 8)be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromody z:tb jiw)t7/nnamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of )i:jtbz /wn t7two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they,l (llw x)dtg5h0ek0r are inside the nucleul 0xhklr(e ) 05gt,wdls?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy h dlybx4u:/l9 is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. Ef glr7t rm,t;aqjytqt1a v* +04 v.4qc =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field isw.:s nd-utj-8 y 9e1zsr:a9t xa apb-n used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-ee rqj(talf 23.xy1viu(:: ujcnergy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accele c jt.lx3fruv:(y 1iqj:(ea2 urator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acg 83uqh0p fw e9qhvp08celerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alphyguc*)4 rpy a;a particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of y;gy)4 auc*r ptheir wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is ) yq+znp8p(pc i l/zq055 kV. How many revolutions do protons mq) lpyz( cn zp80/qi+pake to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength1zgt55quyd ,74/p aey+ 0j ycbg6y ok)m *hngm ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.y 254mbbv d,7 qlahl3v0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that w8 dcuo3+wzg+ will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What mwo+8u +gzw3d cagnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilabzlh4 7x eqjj*u(+eug7 Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV.7el+uu x e74jhqjz(g* The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charjs4vc0yk79 c( rw.dm-)/khtdys 2qj rge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchs.cre)s0sjl3 .k zgt9rotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B rks0 3.cg.e9t zs )slj=    T

  How much energy is released in the decxbieu x93p 2/day $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is release0 q7 vbme w1m/dqvc/j-d when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutr 3e8j;cvx-a1( g.id- :wiuhplssxdw ad9f(/ oon-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating part *apb1pp8 )gfpicle were the kaon instead of the pion. p*81fa pp)pg b$mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each opbya:qf:d t m i60wco9le 2z11ther with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have td6y2e :p :c91aqbfzwm1i 0 loif a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are tr4+q0y4ed93aij z -grgc b yaf2aveling at the same s4jeggyrz4c by3f0dqi29- a+ apeed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given;in )2e:ln aktg ;r,,q1 xhdrr the masses of the W and Z particles hnkg, dlnri2r1qa re):x;,t; as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton ani/he4 o;jpp g28wmp 3tv(v;sod antiprotonpp/j 8weviv(ho ;s;m3o2 t4gp at rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it d 2vm/0z c l/sb5r5i+vngl9ncis impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the phb2/nzmi 5 v0lg5n c9cds vlr+/oton exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an ri)-n) rqo 5: cd5tlugyqt* b3electron and a positron, each with 425n5uc gib*yr) l)r o dq:3ttq-0 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and dd0;n9h v58 ioekap)w+o5 lgxw ecays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated.+5g58ox oe p9wl) i0kdn;vhwa
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the tp-r 7wk6q:gej wo products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electro.nhmcr8(r1tcb /ep;sn in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the enerk-mgr qp62(i 2.pf hqqgy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the v,b8qltsse1 .$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of tm( 1lhl* tcya +8lo6dthe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) 2su0 p ygqan *b-t)vr2 r;+qslof
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are 9(jmrl4 fnom0rhf h33 km8x)h forbidden, explain which laws are violatrr83 )l3m x h 94khf0mfjh(nmoed.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark coma okk yrer9d:ko34); pbinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) aparoo9;y4k d kke: 3r) $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the folp 2x.f;3;ti lo yg20v5pqnipylowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combics.ob;l8d(c sl11.r7;bj j/l hdhcsz nation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (a.--zys;ms+7adabe +,vd sijhs in Fig. Below) for the reaction d7j - hmas dsazi-vb;.+y, se+$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for t ki6(.bli::wix)xroru5 0q ewhe reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is mv5u j./ zew7aits wavelength? 5av/uw7ejm .z
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.04jbil9vaz -ue,l -+i6u cbu0n -km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each reve 964in,bj+a l u- u-zluibvc0olution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate eac+k;wskj, iyfi r3qj9o2.k/ow h other? if.jq+ky 3wj/kow;koi r 9s2,$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what 8b b+i,u,het-u8hzyffuk.5 4 svem s0 interaction could they occur?busm, zt58i,48eu fh.be-sv+yh 0fu k For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactionscb xnz *d:0f;ii*:d wb are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why.zd f*d:: *bicxbn;0 iw
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a qntvomo o-xu9s) j6;6$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at about 6d,gs , qlo.sm$10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for pot (ml6nasf9r;zh 2zm,s xh65roducing a pion. 6,59zorx z2n(a6mmhf hs;s tl $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for t-( cwr lh*z)a)m7 gtro vr;ibje1z93v he reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fe 3dn+bi8l9 rjkrmions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and 4udd, hix( gj40 9 lf,2iketjpproduce two pions, dphi0lt4 gf4x(,ku ji ejd,29$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifi(tjyw v (i9p cvb+/e2b wdid);cation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms ofo ,g8(f1rwtikncbznd4h r*(3w0g-qp proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in thq*w8r( kpgo04izrcbwdt( ,g1-n3f h ne lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the followinuhv ,*msm 94wbmqrccp82hy9-g reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to dep33b, 4 gaxkep(z1*f1 plodkoscribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the pwz(sf,m *,5j0jn emc speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?