Does Huygens’ principle applp:qj px7sr -g,je5n m/;fk: 3p(jtnlqy to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light is en;:aoz,g(qwd qfp (fx 4ergy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes asgk4c3jcou+ys lqrp-+5mw,lg6j ua c5d 0 rd 53 waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see arov ax+g6kc h+du :47zwsund corners; yet both sound and light are waves.4xzudkca67 +ws+vh:g Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiwsb(f ,8*s) wkity+lv ment were submerged in water, how would the fringe pat+ylb)vft , ksw*wi(8s tern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on *lkbk(;nb-3 q,znzy ma double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a kqz,k*ybnnb lz -m 3;(screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if thei89/yeeii i)c,sxji /tr path lengths iijes/i/ 9ix,yt )8ecdiffer by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern2(8rqe fn7pohekb( 8r more convincing evidence for the wave ther e k2pbf( (qe8nor78hory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for guz-)w r3c m0gsound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities and dwz-g03 ur )cgmifferences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headq3y m *ym)hmz6dwax33 lights of a distant car produce an interference pazxhy3m m 3w a6yd)3*qmttern?

Suppose white light falls on the tjk+uig5g2rj: vv)y+gr; 4rna wo slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other brrv ggk 4nyj: agr;ui+v2 5j)+y a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light pasa4u:4p q0gse yses through a flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as i a04pq:gyu4 set is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and divergin6rnqj8jut** ) zn lnb9g lenses, discuss how the focal length for red light differs from that for viol*nn* )zb8u69jqntlj r et light.

A ray of light is refracted thro s42vfv.d mr)wugh three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materwm2).sv frv4d ials according to their index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light s-2,c (y95mpyif h i g,o;9vva(mpmfq er.dul3ource through a narrow slit between two fine ((fgm3r2omu , hm dpy vqiclvpf;99 ,5-.aiygers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the wi(3s5uxf z(nrhole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a nurf(xs(i53z vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit,jmk,5i0*4v:uc cbzn.c 6 a ydp what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) tc6pbm ak 5izj0d,4 cnyuvc*.:he wavelength?

What is the differen e/9-e:mgdahvce in the interference patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is theka ;hf 0i(+t cmsh+/lk advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely spaceds+h t a/c(;fkk0mih+ l slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a prism. A r w cas6ltqgnl51o)k(.5 i8ekjainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incik es .8w(j5ai)nl6 c5q1 tkolgdent beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wav; ,hunm 4(gvr/ 32luhgkpl+vi elengths between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depn /pgg, 2 ; 3lkhlh(4uv+vumirend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noticeable only for a thin fil2ssx2.hwr0- y s t8yhw;gf6n cm like a soap bubble and not w2s wsry.gfx cs2y68h0t -n;hfor a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the refeqfq+: **qd51i pz lpflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What iqezf* lpd*pf1:qq + 5would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the6zzm, ,dnfxdzi;5 i 6jg )m+d un8hin6 center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by r 2ske5ok2cyhg-v 3e,biw2 0sieflected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completwh gik5o,y2 cs30i kv se2eb-2ely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much ,i/zbxv, qi1i4pv)cc less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say abo,iic/vz)i 4c ,qv p1xbut the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nature o3ii(9u joh(cgf light?

Explain the advantage of polarx04gmkj: i) ckized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is polarizing or not?stdo;l9y p4wvo 8y8m;

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle xh+cn2h ;c -n1inxj p2d(ks1l of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth hl h z7 )oafs r-t9ewoun0y2*)pad no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, wouldu2mmf7d (.wn+4ux i 8:psrxed sunlight still be white, or would it be some other coloeixm 8nx udsd2u( fw+.m4:p7rr?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-os,r 4 dxn1xzpy+.qzw 0rder fringe at an 8.sydqwxp 4r1 z,.0n+x z8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an ac oef xx95v1w*qi-mb, ngle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. y fjz/vugq 83u2nl71x)qjr6aSuccessive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the lajnugz/8y2 u7r1v6 l3jqx)qf ight.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of lik/k1avxe)sfzai4ws p; ;xjgx 68e.s:ght from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow 1fp s.ijasa/gev )kx;e s8;zk4 xw:x6 slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interferew p 5qgn)t4tj+sq3 )zpnce pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from q4t p)q+pz5ngt3ws j) the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apartzqd,ly -lr;0s are the second-order fringes for these twollz-q0s;r ,dy wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found jv iuy+)t) *j7g f0fzfthat blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order u gjt7jf y)vi)f *+fz0maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having paral7z9a 1fxknx t-lel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a zktxa9xn 1 -7fpoint 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in 2wg:r;pk5 wx v4 x)nmdfront of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so thnrd kxww ;4v:)mp g5x2at the two waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the thirdc q6d9l.ab/;jol m+ 7nnr .ghx-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of +c.gbx lhm/ 9ln6qj ;.7nraodwavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mmk;5vz uyq+ j kk5*6eo-khhrt1 are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance betwekhz5-* tk 6eujrykh;+ o1qk5v en adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in ai-jgu8cw x0s-4 yo 6bpcr falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one sl gwhp**v166avn.kjj8ft; qex it of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thi.nfhwj8kpa* t6 vg1 jq6*e;x vckness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the sc+1.go bq trx)peed of red light (700 nm) exceed that. tx)rqoc1 +gb of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a yz+y. cxeyi (;9fw) kn60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavej l:y0gv*gmf,h dm.7(mibmt( lengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular widtj,n p ph j(4,+qma(:y*xijyzyh of(xy+:p *pjj4,yy n( az qihm,j the central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit thatxqohj)z0/ e1;3ne .wec1xwp b is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on3s/dh-;lt- yh f)wt vdv3er;o a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What if7sio;p w+6 -q3sou,yh gms:ts the width of the central maximum (in cs qogpwt,+su:o 76hm3f;i -ysm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength lde jil 0+o(4v653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on either side of the central max0ojed+ll v 4i(imum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mmd49z 9pq0k nre-wide slit illuminated by 5899ek04r9 pqndz-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440bgiw w6k/3ip v,zo9/03onl kx nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are se3wo oni xkigz96l //0wvbp ,k3parated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creaqn pt4 x)u3,rytes a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. Hx t4uq3p ),nyrow wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum iak3s,+y (t+- cxbalzm s 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction x+-lcz(aym, as3 tkb+ maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelength 29c5; t7kyq gv3d,qmnartq1j $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-o 9(rq*nb8eapu ),vt l4 oedf5crder maximum when falling on a grating whose slits are q5t4*8b) fle nurcoa(vpd 9e, $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if ttro qi 2q,htm d3fl r8f2cr47z2t,de 5he third-order occurs at an 18. 25ztt3im4fodrq r2t8qc,er2 ,d 7fl h0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling9xgkz - au2l 0qnwg)bj5ykonb+c-,- tw ,rb /h on a diffraction grating is observed at a 15.gc wy,u xawk nr/5-b kj29,lgnqb h-+ tob)z0-5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating has ds mu0pi7e+ :ztt d/qxo78jk:$ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally 7-r, u4jj9;ef(ztb,n oupo dcon a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral ordi, 5+kexz.ni h/st :qber that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normaliktb,n5+/.sx z:eqih incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be z3dwm ,tag --cseen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is t--w,g zmc 3atdhe maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating withrzg625et5x 8sgezhy: ze5y 6e:st8grxg2 5hz $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochrom 3 1h)ac ,igvt7+bfczeatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured +nhdblo e; js (s0z: ;ynv4(nnby a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflecte2-a0 )fao 97krvypufd d at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white ligdup 7aof- k)y2 0f9vraht? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24hxah+/vy j+2vwg0j r9–8 if the glass plates are each jj9v/hh 2+r0a+ ywvgx 26.5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thick-5lwlb,vegy95jwe8hz o x *6fness of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears green9sz 3:iktl gz9ish yellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 brightzdqmp4v1tx8 0*x j -5/ poxicqj4+s ri and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls siop4xz8 j*dvx4 mr/1 ji5 +0ptqxcq- normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separate8krm40l7hc( 3 dmv+ djxdzxw /s one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normall78 zxwkddm/3 jxdrv h4cm+0l(y, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be2rn c9 /ye1cf)aa bnz+p pn8z)we e2j8 between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nmc)fn2ey8w anp b/)9r nj ep28aez+1z c light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected cafo;w16xpo 4dmrqth+2(6 zkof being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol so)qwc .p8 -vt$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquy2wwn/d50gusn(/+smk y f2l jid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decre g +yj0us(2nwmyf/d5wnsk2/ lases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of thet1 la1ie,jqm 0 light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the me,lt i 1q1jm0aovable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connecx o(c7n lz-34- xymsfated to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of l(sx73flmy-a4- oc znx ight used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirroz p9bbl 3cq:ssj6n: rgx6oo11o4bfo(r $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an in5/.p6i s v:bik 0hybhsx/3ro xterferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that th:svob6yb0 r i5p/h xk3 isxh/.e interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented a s it:m* bobgpo2e8r/4t 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for 9k(ukz (x64 weaqoh( .+ddsfs an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the ligt2owokt x7n 4.2hzum;;bp8hh2 dvq ,yht is hitting thx ywd42kqpo8 ,;hubmh;ott vh22z7.n e diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so thast xbet:g8/g5 t the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so /g8be5xsgt :t that the intensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to redu uk3g, mud5: lcub/o:tce the intensity of the incident ot: ,mubud:c53/ kugl unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented ,o f* ( bfi2obd4z;xjfse)/pnat 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orienteu+c (t :2w/kdfaw zcqabtxx (v x5-p/1d at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections 4 es r+ o-jsgaw/(1shloff the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total int re+ (olhsa1w-g4/jss ernal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through fip z:y9ea69hclve successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes a 45a 6c:hz99peyl$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength /hn dli3pfhc:b b/ ;/ueb8*bf $ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from o, x3d6*lzyqj g,hx uzj8h87 emountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signal fr,e7 68 xdjh8jz*xlyg uzh,q3oom the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction grating wizj4 bgn2lp(9lth l2 pl94jzgnb($ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm apartr602*/ w)nec ul:aoc)+ kc efi ugkx;n. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central ma;)6 )ew /uka+xc:0knilrgeco *cnf2u ximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identin 1pl5g 8kge8x:7grbical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d,7glxr1nke5b 8i8: ggp Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well baj- qb,emayvkq aqc.v9 /m*- ,lck from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(bcqq,ay mmaj-vl-k ev .9,q*/s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a sq,ioaz 5 .ahj8ingle slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. Whe 2iu9.cavr2z3onu o0rn normally incident 460-nm ligr02io. vzarn9u3c o2 uht is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have 1uuicf 5c d:t2gs1gc 3if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any visib c u2dc5 :gsgtfcu113ile wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-ord9 -t oa9tn,s:l,vm tjrer spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactlyatn,sl,9t-t :mro 9vj ?

  When yellow sodium liqc7y ykz;+yd /ght, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grat,s;xh ok1vuppiv, m .u*3fn4 ving with and the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 mk*su1vpf ;vv p3hiu, mx4,o.n from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of al)r jc+ gti;t44pgvc2 7zoejyy s 4*h/ clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answtsgrvccgh/ pi yl274j *ztj) oe4y4+; er?

  Monochromatic light of pfu.f+q 0fprfy hw3 cnk/7(7n variable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plash 3/ pw+ynp(77f kcf.qurf 0fntic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed pd;xh4vogbt5 vspr-/(97 :d vs2ddvk for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air lay(:m(ll) b1pc/hz* au vp;pao oer between two flat glass surfacesu a ac1 /zmpv;:hb( ppoll)*o( if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transm5:bhs kc)p(x v0hgrna1v *k- pitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for na:h *5ckg1r-vphb(kp vxs 0)maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the hux z:wgjtx;b* q05)mborizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake is polarized m) bxm j5zwxb:q*gtu; 0ost strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axipo6fn h7v 7 75tdn7oses of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensitpo7n7 5nsd7 fh67iotvy of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer s 1k0 00r 4aai7 k1s:xk/ultysvhmde t0heets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the fiy100ikh0s/7 0kelat t:sakrv 4mxd 1urst two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with *r f58xd4jwqi:0v)ysl vat 5ytheir axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointe5,hcgbqaojh7c : w)vav :jk0:d at the Moon, whi,)q:chjvbov7:w a 0c:a k5g hjch is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placedc2htqggz mbh+19l8e* at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap /qsm)t*e q/)md)zkiu ( estz($(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas ra j)rz1pl s2pt t /m-.wlf5c ,;h1qunqrdiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. They are located alzp1qf/,m wpjulr. 51 2ttnrhsq;)-ct points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of ligh45,q c8p1v0xr ir tfzoy9p .wwt containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilate 0t4y15qr, ppx iozrf98.wwcvral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surfaw9qyc.( i 2eabce and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm