Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of axc -qcmx 9h)d t6dpu;to )g,l:e2iti-luminum? See the periodic table or Appendiighm-o uq icd),)tpx9t6;cl -xde2t:x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited trcx7c 87wp95yqbj)a ho make a thermometerc8pr 7j cb)a5hw 97yqx.

Which is larger, 1 C 9:x el*yyxt*h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but*w 7yw2olhf n-9 hja) mgqf6+x B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, whagwxh6 fw9*nql) 72fo+hyaj -mt can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri4zp)gce9,x vn*ne0n nd:ct 1sp of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the9*4d0zn 1ec:tn,cxe ngpv )sn curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l;f egk(lt,-s)(csm aw inear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f2omvdpm0, pb*;4 w ftm3m +hbyurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of03p,fh ;y2bw*bp m+t 4vommdm different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in t xw4 .al c.fo(:0qvyamhe shape of a U. Whaq4mo. :la0w f.v(ycxy?

A flat, uniform cylincgv3l /);bc ceder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, 1h,m;e:o i ecrazgi( 8i7 elf9the mercury initially descends a bit and then c(ie z 1f9le,rmi 8a;e7 ho:igrises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooledn06pi.y lqau0 more rapidly than aun 6q 00.yipaldjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyr n h3qr5xl51xeex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased xrl1q 35e5x hnheat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc:) -vt(4gg 7dwyr tpudurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b4kltg3rzmv3/ m,t udjy /fz62 5b nk+wadly the can will not stand up. What hadt/gr vnm2f35t zyku6blj /zk43,wm+ s happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed ( sr24 k6hhdi(ouqqt rw 0gd:;oc+lekw 9s4c;/say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kin2hewc wgo sdo :r;ku+il4k9dr q4( s6c0;t/qhetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum.z9m4zk/zc ,yrny yl5 sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature iz,9 mcr.l5nyky/y4z zs increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetiez, wc.q:0if. au:yiwc theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temcz iay:0 ueq:.if. w,wperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lue(e fpah5 /q8d-wuqk 3ssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosph0ybwpl :-ix2v6jwr x8 ere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for they5*bvgy.t*yyi 51i bn/-n ,hok zanr5 Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Ev gti/ya5 kbn1**o5y -y,nyrznih b .5arth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wyu+ xqu6a;g98vb *esx hat can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativuu 8qe+xga*6v9y xb; se to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dar5- 2 yq4unkefy at the same temperature.qn2 u4-5 rkeyf

Is it possible to boil water at room wq4 cvo9pgc*nv)f i 4+temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tema/py e 9xjh+te .-qli2perature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ai-9eqha/+j ep2yl ix. tr or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automob93q4c ;vg8 ya.ifbkesit/qfd2eue .6 ile enge qaetdv4s2 bu69iig.cy3/f ;f . ek8qine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whi mv qp,c)y1(cn1vb5ke te cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a l9)vgz z:e *cg3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring cocczx5/grd4 43bbr sd :mpare to the number in a silrxcb cd:r g dz4s543/bver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What iajie.4v +j -vss this on the Celsius scale? .-+jvj4saie v   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorhb)y -sd 1(jlnn 2zg+r 4idhg:ded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 13hc7;8j l zc +z09z7osz ofslk*wq m6h1.82 cm at 0.z;z8m+3shcjw7 9lkzh of6 0*l7s qzco0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabsaa aatyn3u9dmf3 88,k 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 6oq8/rp+fw j( qqv/dh m tall. Estimate how much its heighjq 6(f+/dqhwvpq/ o8r t changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivettah jjv4 3.m+zj l0n0xo tpuw/pcl:);s that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the riv jj p4j)+0:oca ;p/zvn3luh0 lwxtmt.et is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aeas5 9nvn1 rne5 wha af,;ep6+t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volu6 j) vtdnj-wnl59vambsb0)w 5me if it is heated from 300 w5 )bd9n)vt6mvb jnw 5sa-lj $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of w1o5 q ebb.nrckfp.c//ater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 gguwb0 s9(+cfp i/v k(cz0vw0$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made khij1* p.e hc9of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesocz8rk9;/ l aisel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume exp/aki lzoc ;98ransion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tb+wz8* ayb x,she density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of l5yg(obak,h z;xyrc4w:el9) kc 3n c9 length l and width w has coefficient of linear expank oclc4zwyehk3n(yx, ac 9lb5r );: 9gsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,s- sy nku i4s2*ebjh xn,op:,2 $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cleez f+- sai2*:nfb9 .i6caygeock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 gfe9 bas2yei6z e+fna-:.*i c $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insi)kdoq) 6w2i xb l01unsde diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0)u62q)in10ds wlo bk x.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrioa t ork/vxk8u)z (;6ncal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu )8nk r/6;aokuzxt v(olar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desireosf 3ucfbo m(y7g:urwp*08d)d length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature i7:bd8mcu rgo)3(s *0w uy fofpncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam oz,i g;js tsp5/f cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1wdn 1gk r-40bo34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following teovzn1re/t - x ;pi:2 ,hre-zhfmperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what f*j0/nf wnt) u)-a bpctemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 46phs(lvadb)k h; 9xfakin: 69 000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosz2 w-gwdjol8x;/ r ;9hugewc4pheric pressure and a temperature og - 28cuo rwj;d/lxhegww49z ;f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using tmghsrtm e)f 2qc2x82(u+4 nc dhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.33- f l1 cz,spzs h;9ock -eymbj4qvu86 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of jd 0l;l+ug:ciwct+ g/29r r annitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at p2a7p/a 1v75b ;u ho woxdby3i10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.,vmmz1m* +huxdkj ;i it::n4l.sql(b 0 kg of argon gas at 385 q, .hi;x im+msuj1( ndk*:t m bzll4:vK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of y-4jr c+t3qpd 6g3 izf$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by up4,sv--nu1y-tnvwsheating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air41 w-tunn su-,p -yvsv outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aimz;w6,d z 0vilr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18k/04hodgl16qrss,++txy w z b.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0fto jg50+ s;vs $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberxatpb6 y -msuudktt9 )x2w05* of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are the4hzn.xul g w3-re in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of d8 b(bm:ig 5vc(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5ixa3,di pnuo-5.fef v ai 3 -/srx/z2t.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inh8nqkozn-aj d si 7.pm 31n(.ihale that were also ina-ikn 3 n8 mnq.z jhspdo7.i1( the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transl)(zii,9 odp 8 ,zrbo-ommxz vz,bv32kational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 3, ,vxz)d(v9kpbz oooz 28,mibrm-iz   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed l;98t.i2eh8e/etyf , 2-rxhfpgsrj d of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperatu;f xy 2-s 2rjttg8l9h8ie/r,ephe df.re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gku6, izdbk4p1 xv- m4 o3mpr/oas molecules increase if the temperature is incre641 mkovxidm z4 u,3rp/k-bo pased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, ge-uf5gj mq)0 gaf48nkiven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8.-0 f5qean) j4gukfmg 8 Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules n9:9nfvv (.x4jlqoc juw)gd/in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubf :o 6l5zwvf1fled while its volume is held constant, by what facto1l6woz f f:5fvr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas5(m7l,fgd2 ,ye5 nckqlj(hrv is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempnyg uc: n)ddo0h3)k);zi/ mgjyk 1u -jerature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the iniuo hkgdy ; m)z dg 0yk-ujc/)j)3n1:nverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecujw* :3flddfv0 0z 5jy- y5ocgcles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molew1e kin;;crd6 tj4d id*g(i8xcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog7.,m;c eqzjd z+lvoeo9o-w3oen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp.wbqv 44nkp 6g( a9akmeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinmk9aba6.44 wnkvg qp( g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas canu (drj 1x qc,yo)pya:) be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran-o42:monvwmg ( ks r 4e3 tp66vxb(hniium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr) vlanj. nk*7zessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempr)+9 gqz4ikv02 pnofo;pdq+werature is (a) ioq p0vg9+z2nf4wd +);kroq p90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the h(xw0 3 -oo+go7x qaym ,.ad.x8e qwmrrumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25xw mxdoq3oe-x8.,7ar.( owagq my+0r $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils aa4guviszg9k+. 00(xk u z0tfwt 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountain (b+ircw :bpy*ui, z n3 (af5azfl4dg,s is 0.72 atm, estimate the te(y+b z, grfl*4i5ufaz pw idbn:,(3c amperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whe90 udzg mnyo 9bh071rfn the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and90z onb rydf1 ghmu709 the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day w6j8yko6x s lughd;bf8ad) 80ohen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooktmd wnfbgy(8ajah;l,1g s.o mv* o6;/er if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 w8ydmg( tvb*1 n h. safo;g;l,maj6/o$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vwo 6,br,1 *kke)szd r5f4jfqkolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its devib8 r7r,.-f oc zrfl(w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diff*lha9z(h/q wu 9wis/duse a distance of 1hhi9/l9ww us/dazq (*5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects tf j )w,me-0l7h,phv fto the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trwlth 0 f,jfhe7v)pm-,achea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapeuj/agjl j3,/m measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas r63y4yj2aahc: :mz wiure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cali x.c2ip)sa9q,d4vk jibrated at normal room temperature. How much error wikd)4.asicq9 p,vi j2xll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initg4k.n ;ledsg2m 6de) mially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fractggk6;ne2 )mms4. eddlion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengtf8dh whk5nt/qr i60z-7, pc t4(rocof h 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heiht0 rtz4o,/q68wn(7-i o 5c krffcdhp ght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dd ei(pwaof; 1(gcfnxsr: l9 5l :qs)n5ensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniquesyb-7 4ikk3al p is abo7 4k3kly-pabi ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 114di7/enh usg) b-w ir0 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expandwiir 7buh1/) 4n es-gd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returninkcu1pvmd6rfegp (kpm* 54v.7g from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature1m k4rpmvvdf p.g5e 7pc( *ku6, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from /hx rthk7u* ;u6jytt3 vqrp*2110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ox p ). fanc,td,xcku)2f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheri, *x u-lib pq7:yubj6pc pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molec7qb6ji*by ppxul-u: , ules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogk0- 62u ni9v9 fynfbgden molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of)i m ao. z,j)g+m. wfdn)zkw;n oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosphekaznof.iwm);zw)ng+) m .d j, ric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats i ejxre )1p nz1gg6xn;b+ry4w,n a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a9nzfwp0lh r4xifrcxz4 + 3,z4 t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arou;7finp.bwjop1jq j4*nd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jyu(b0p fp w q 5fn85mm/k-hprl jab.5:l1.elm ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardcf uy:rd. c87-(9 x.wbmubuov, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1 ( qqwr./1p2glp++qbe1y cegu 95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iqin 6*3)6v zmxkyy p)fs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspe2w-rmks yzch fe1b74 dxu6 8j2nded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 1226cz mj1u2 exr 7dhw-bks8fy 4m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a ew zycmb) 8.. jwf6q9o3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble jfwcom8.e)9b6z.q w ywhen it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in(1n bz z 75ylsgyq60ln the air on the following two days: 5l0yyzgn(qbs 67 lnz1
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and3:2*y (aim su.vji87w9z d(ncob v6 kqgum6lc when it is a solid deep d cz2n.u :6gj3 cms8qlm uiio(byw79 vv6k(a*in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant preyyf0h s9vwy* (ssure, the coefficient of volumeswv(0y 9f y*yh expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.