Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, th rl28e.v dsom .dvp3)7g, ergngq7pk ,at could produce a l 3qvgom, rp.n8r)s7dvpe.g2 7edk,g$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that itda7k 967g t5bh*rvdx0yrs (g ss kinetic energy is much grear 0y7ssv ba(k* rdgx6d975t ghter than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made: okxor 3g8 a:8puhsr/ up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What mi::3 rosr8kphuxog a8/ght happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the z5o(mggrw+lwe1( lx dpte++-electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a parti 3igr;z(mw+g +kakevd im1v91;ii;sp cle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all ds;31+e ig1v9w+ kpi;;g vkmi(adzi mrecays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though tyoxwcghe3co+eec*; 7 0bf 4/y he neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are s wf*ycoy74; 0xgb o/e+cc3 heetrongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnm73f17 t 33nuczlqfrwetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A ne3nl31trz qmcf7 ufw73 utrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of tg fo16oe * qw)me0gvw+he decays in Table +wwv eo01gqo efg6 *m)32-2.

Which of the particle de-+kjhg1jo ,df cays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactiokg jo,jf1-+ dhn?

Which of the particle decabjul tz1tvfd j9(w6)9ht+m)6bjvgm 7 ys in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doe.df59f7yj xpm s $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Tabl)gq 8(9 syh 1athspcc;e 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactio1ctsh9 ;)sca(8 ygqph n?

Which of the particle decays in Table 3ef4o1b w u.h2sgpm;2/ yonu8n 2-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrin twwne ob4b( u/7 +a5mhh)yqh+olet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say be5+nbho7+h /y)wua4twhm (q that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a par(o kkk:a3tg*p ticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it beswb5s4y qm-5jp ,w ch5 possible to find particles made up 5cw wys- bj,q5sm5h4p of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but /znu1k( m8+yn qvevkr6c./wz not when they are inside the nucleus?6. kmevqykz/ (r1+c/nwv8nz u

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 Gs4n86x,vk4qz u8 jscqeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV e,yd :jmlw; +rzlectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotromkk,x7q6wq 8rpc9eu 1n in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete rsv)t if90zd)b n.zti 4evolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1..ind v t 9)0bzz4)itsf0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 (dme lc8b21,zk wj+zgaccelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha partic.29 ajbdhkfb 0les or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengthsfdb9a2j0h k. b with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dy2i iq2da(- l6i6 kb(cbkg8pmees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy ofbg26(bqya( idlp km6i-8kic 2 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt1 .4sh,g-jpmyuvi kjz8 n*sv4 h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is b p) mh*8rm.fubw q6x87 yhmxh19,7mk/rqvmwto accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets f0t yc5v w6mes0or the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of enew06 5y cmts0vergy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatcrc) 7o8yqa y:(g(+ixqk8g/d m xppm9 ron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on eag p m(y8/q8yd )cgp9mac(kx:io +rq 7xch turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a pakz0t , szq71nmrticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radiu z24fov 1-sqdy: .wagls Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0ofd2.a:qzg- sylw14 v-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is rel3 l2ubf4r(ah7ptn y- teased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when a3(lerro wt0 2i $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pa1girfu)9 dgah).bl pg,rb/r 9ir?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediatingtn5 4yse ;kr8 u/obra dx+sfy95.k.wfg j -z:z particle were the kaon insyz/s5 -xkrke:rs8.;ounz+yb.t d4j 9f5 wagftead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What (+v a ur-yot,jl ,mz9y7d+npg(8lb vmminimum kinetic e-tjlvo7rbm la9n+g( ,yyd(z8u,v+m pnergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy r:bb4bq 7eqd1hot ys.c 1j.* imust two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other,1*4.ys:q .7br tobbhej 1icd q collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using E1ee1ba+tr +6 u;navhmq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as ab + b ueheav1+a;6m1nrtout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced wozozxers) +z( dy.*x0 hen a proton and antiproton at ry +*d) zxs oox(e.zzr0est annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and e6/xtxi : l ;;hr)sphv +9hagyvnergy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. B +)hahh vlx;tpri 9:vsy6g/x ;elow)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the twobcd1;5g3m ab7kkf c( y photons produced when an electron and a positron, eag(3kyd;m bc af b5k7c1ch with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are0*-mfjlb xd a/ possible? For those forbidden, em0/ dl*jfa b-xxplain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the -jn.j .u 9nf:)zq bwogdecay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic h-cjk uaf-+;m energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the enerp)7.d d; xkhfzgy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of rrbi vjks4cu8ifd9pd+w / 9 qe-z)q9+the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ovh2 +( i1.fud6)wajk2l 8 axkivhdpv )f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncer ;nj9 xt)+ykyv xc;oe-tainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, exphu gljdti ew6o 9-6)9vlain which law6 ti -wgv6lo9)ehduj9 s are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form uw v eft-04,jp(a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) uwf-p,t j4 0eva $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a) se cni 6p wz; 7pp+v* 7j1ld)/(udhfft$uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination 15k ayc) x np3wye3p:.b8olckneeded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) k)t/g8r d-n)hskjej- for the reaction / s)dektjg8hjk) rn-- $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reac0ssz ntx,frg s07 0j1ytion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic kf;skk93tm65iy 6mly energy is 25 GeV? What is its wy lyi6;3 965tfm skkmkavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-kmkiys in,z+ x2m9j. n16 ats:wp-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 Ge 9y6 wn:,ns2+az 1si.mpktj ixV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy it . *zw2k ar*z95ugpzf9.zqjjs released when an electron and a positron annihilate each otherj9*g 9jfawzrz.qz k.2zpt*5u? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inter jqfnkz )hh1wc(o8b8n;.p z9g action could they occur? For those forzcg81ph w( ;h 8nbznofk9jq).bidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactiom:7 l; 2u. t2 )vkxc zzhtoo97yreeu;ln could they occur? For those m yt72ztu;xhv;ero e 7.lco)z2 k l9:uforbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for atxu; 1 cj )e0znazs17.4ggox n $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking ocwu qf p:-s :7bpv+jhz1curs in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion2+h: tk76zm 4 qluqeuno)bstuf+3k4iz hm 9 +a. 3 9s ue ht+ma) qq h:4+6o2n4mbi +tzu7flzkku$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for oq xrn9z r4w).pwc+ e8the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule? y dcl9 ct /0-e*-g9gdne+yb7(celok e    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce tw5 a6tr l/d- uvuern/a6o pions, /l-urdr /t6un56e aav $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification disq79vrqrra0s k 2rh+p 1tance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, meas .qu4g rm3cai1ured in a reference frame whmcgriqau34 1. ere the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle+ior/;nujtyu h/a(1t in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model tgwxh.2 jg g)aeod-9m;npi2joyu+1w( o describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spee q7hqc:w4 sl* a. /rknw(g (9cri;oljed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?