Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32ta9z e dcqjr0b.)83r ,z:ljtq-4, that could produce a tqr r90el aj bq)z83t:jd,cz.$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so thatz08b6 bon1ifyp1:w7 e7 yrtm/3czbc v its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest enzbmb76yit1f8pn7/ c cr v013:b zow yeergy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of/q, .5ag5x7g)pm l gffyk3u qq the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contaa5g x3uq.p)/qy5l ,qfkmg gf 7ct with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electl1mc i0(:w qvdromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarr0e(zq6h*q q;xjwcsh:6mf u+ ily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explaj*6(hr6zqwesx 0f ;m:hqquc+ in.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even thou7iqp +)uf1w kpgh the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) 7)wu+f kpp iq1are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak,rz;hx7 v-+8 krtucii4 gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? 8h -v7 ;4k i+cxtuirzrA proton?

Check that charge and baryon numb1rcjt wm.j5. r2m;fe i g;1vieer are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2cv1;. rwgj2irie .15mt ;jmef .

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromaj1lzh,93 wq 8uam5w7by6adbkgnetic interaction?d a8k7b1uqyw6 az9 blh3mwj5,

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 omdkre 1;g+1 fyldqz) ;ccur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does j 4/y5gx 55dd 9fik4eno75 tcdi8frhr$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur viz fgycr 6(/y+n 3tfsn6a the electromagnetic interaction?3 r(yyntf6s6z nfc+/ g

Which of the particle decays-:loq(gqib1 --zdz: qxl zv0 q in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no bmj o)k8r; k0 pbf(t1fcolor charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even epbb1tm r;8f ojf(kk0)xists?

  Is it possible for a partisj8 tce(joc (q5e7wy)cle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, wo wit bbqdf+/y:l5;cu+ uld it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarlbb q/ w;+c yi:u5df+tks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are fruw o we z5 ola870ocn*z;gur6(ee but not when they are inside the nucleus?wcu5 8lu7o*ora; zn06 eozwg(

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton wh.6luh iw5c x4(l)nffm ose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV el g/1hdo avir:byzn n31 td24a(ectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclrk j o)1jd 4gx)1ajb7zotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for oneyy7zda (7 5 jss-qbb3rx;no /xdt20oc complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermi 20 zb3ynds- (a7y/xxbojco q5;d7trs lab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 3bn*) f.4+7r 7 gv3s bnr nmjqsk9p9cws2-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alyx1 f/*+ eratzpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths wiy/e zxf*+r1ta th the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 5rs7 xkfj +qrxv.q8-7t5 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energykx8rrvj t -+7x7q q.fs of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengths5tnb( gvui 1vxoe noi35:b*1aam,f , ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to acceleratevlwhx:xw4c93 deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets fory 4s:d4ce z2xz pkc5-0it usg- the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be requiredei:d gcpu cz-t4s0ks y-x5 24z? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energie( ze,;zcidl l;s of the stored prd; l,;czlie(z otons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of y6dg ck 9f8)oma particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at hban72* t 210zrdk.mq6luhj x the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protonsmzh 2 ta*d.ul 617rq0bxj h2kn? B =    T

  How much energy is released in th 01moltwv/p32lp grk0 e decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when a27 p lezr9nqj5/9poq w 5uv8ps $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-ananj7fc +2 oikjlq ;d j52)a, tu;*wvvqtineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating par,,ki8xkc rju/ ticle were the kaon instckr u,jix8/,kead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading torm86c: keyl. 0hnif .6aebq4u bce0d8ward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetich6e 8 q8ia fl udbb0.mr :4ykce0ne.6c energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must tw.rxns.t)ay k7 o neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward eax k)nr7sat.y. ch other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range ofg2ic ;r/9m7md8jbmww the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as abc; bmwr9 wi8jdg/2m7 mout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a p -pmf tl9o w51y)mh*gproton and antiproton at 5lmpg9y)mwop -h t 1f*rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momen )opf6.sw (hnltum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you dfsho(.l6p n)wefend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a/p+ j 2(oxvldq x:jlv; positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annih dx(vv/jq+;:xlpo2j lilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those f ys4sxqc-et-jnic)y i+ 6g47jmup6k5orbidden, explaik ne+ipm6)6-t s 7qx5isyccj4gj 4yu-n what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two produc)q2:h -qhsabb ts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of thex voklx/;ftx4ck/2 ialsd+ -3 electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then ,pitj y7z*ge .3zh tv frx)o8; 4rm9cvthe lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the-w9v umybfc+p7ekznh4 b1p 0 9 $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th4kthao*.tq+ c)2jbuajb r4xce6. z h6 e $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of oj-4-ch;q (a)q;+ c edkosaox
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays2nzoujad , iq1c,+o8- .y yleu are possible? For those that are forbidden, explainy.n cjye,a+u 2o8u qozid-, l1 which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinipckfm3 /(r ,sations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c)(pi/,cf ksmr3 a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations d/;wv p dh-8fh/mp1cu produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinati duuow yx)3y*,on needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Belzc3y p:ir/z hp jw ek6w42n-v7ow) for the reaction wvj -pk3wh2 iy46:/rpen7czz $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram)gzt24qfj 0h t for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a protop5a,f4bbe 1p0 awz7jcn whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelenpez7 p0 jb,5w4cfb aa1gth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected inrz*dex2f. j ku0/+hgud- q)cyto the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately hkc-d2u/d j zr*e+ yxhg.0 )ufqow long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released whe ,qdnr :zg*p8cw67lxuk -tf4in an electron and a positron annihilate each of:x- *8l,npduckri7z6 q gwt4ther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inf7ka 3g3 2zik7wga;grteraction could they occur? For those forbirg;ia73w kkf27zgag 3dden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the followine06(+o-y f b vogyjoc--ma; vcg reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, expco;co aov(m0g-+ -jy- f vbe6ylain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aru l+,rs4 :96 atmzpdb $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurfhzdzf3+ncdf /if82 .s in the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4,)i1ndplj ) ic* f9 i4qnhg(15u3mcyd o for producing a pion. ng4)n5)mpijciod 1yuclq9h3fi 1d(*$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the rea-a *zxx: etj,8z0j wcpction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in qw s x32wyxprj d-;b076wk/ukio7sn 2 a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each othyk/qlxy26qavu(lo0ad gg 6.7er at rest and produce two pions, . 6gdaog(v /l26yyqlqxak u70 $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-callk)k g*sa6 ifjdis/5u.ed unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 arz*x j sd dfhiy,3um)6nsa 5.8ie in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track b5x yn83dhfaj si6z is)m.*u ,de as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following rtdf1j:4*h vgv eactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to desczppitu g:oq.a* c2p2 3ribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lm2x7 be6(blvxx0bq y 1ight $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?