Give a reaction between two nuclen+ajeqi,5prx8 -;dkl ons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a +-ajqrxi,5led 8;n pk$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic enev*:ftdk1 e zpf:id 104(vb iy+xoo8sjrgy is much greater thy4if8p:0sd(ok 1:e1* oitfvz+bj xdv an its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of l1 9zim(eh;1b1tdg c.wms g,uthe antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our n9(b1 wud; hie1g gcmtz.sm ,1lormal world of matter?

What particle in a decsa)k.shfh x uf2+y.jbv1d18d ay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle 51 nee98 x6oowe2f jiknecessarily mean that the decay occurs via theow2enf958 e1 i6kx ejo weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even thokvhu vrf7kd mq1253-c2uu qi)ugh the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interactin kq3rudvfv2h7um52) i qku- 1cg?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitationz 2kiw,(c/d; dws/fuft; x n9*0tsewbal) does an electron take part in? A neutrino?us bw 2tt9;idd*s/(kn0;wfx wc/f,ze A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number arq2pp- oag4 r,pfhumb d8 utn0v**,,nne conserved in each of the decays in Table 32*u u,o,d-n0,g8p* rpfn v4pmh2a tb qn-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 ocnku s5bx3j/hnht87uh 7,qj 7 lcur via the electromagnetic interactikjsulh835hbht n7 7 jq7nx, u/on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 ocst -6u ltn3fo*cur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and whu 8cvb6p fu6 ,w5jencvbv .u)9y, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle s2ntqntjn0 -. -gf )iy( sok.ydecays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interac2qs.t.g-of0 tni -nky( sjny)tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak intead vih jys ,++c;7gl(sraction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a j.- qic)z9ixledr g:kn//;dex+fl+ukind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weu ce .gxli+ek zr :qxndj;)id /l/f-9+ak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both4wa/jwb su ,4h
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodyna/5g9e 14bm)s4mbmh ea ikkr.hmics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarhrhb)g4 9m 4ks5bi1/me. mkeaks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are ins 0s:r,u/zm dopfgi+0fide the nucleus?m f :rd0+sifpo/gu ,0z

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV? hw)y2tk *8i kx   GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-8apy u; q:ip4z+o nq d(so/w7kGeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magn:6hks nw65+ qtuh tc)c1t0oyfetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very hiovx(p7tido6 0z*/ ppvh2 kd7sgh-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelzo 06p/(xpvkpto2v id *hd7s7erator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelerat ec6p6d:2 fngo4syae. ed $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particl bfg0*,mruq*z cnd ,cp(.etj4es or 30-MeV pbqzc(rup, jn*, c *.4dfg me0trotons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the deesf, u2ug+oe dk08 kzbl4)q,p hyz;1*zb qhgtx6 of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a1uyg8h ,2zge;kqoh4)uf x0zp*dlbq , btzk6+ kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengw;x+bp+q obgpp-b(v +*g; mwoth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radi g* h-7ksfsy:yhb7 i2u0uz1inus of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to ybd u uz7t(do742ph)tbc* whu 4k: nh/house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton be74 du42uonh7ydk/bht: (*ctzb wuhp )ams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about bol pw*,i jt2+20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each tu w2l*j+oibpt, rn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charge s5w /6nv:+f evyq3 p pb(s;0ypw+diz )n(gwor$e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is neewc/ .ymgd8i7g ehxc +0ded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1+cdg.ym /gx iwh078ce.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is releasedr) ih.k0cv 3xy in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whz3voa 3(wslm: en a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a ra)kcq* iag 8n,4i il)gwuo/3neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the k.wt:9amv3 nj8, k kyghaon instead of thhky.ja9v,:m3 nkgw t8 e pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What:g 3kl*2cqr,w,kfv24 dt rudl minimum kinetic u3q, td2r k4fg: cd l,2vk*wlrenergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each2vw(v(;uy/ unp:eqsuj )2 tq h have if they are traveling at the same spej; n s:w2vq (p u/tyhe2q()uvued toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. /t( md a5qkg) l--o4vl2lkbg ofy9yc+,+lhmj32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as 4f-llhyvt2b/)y9mc l( goa -mo+5+j lqkkdg, about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two kcroq7 m2l:h4bw+ 7k iphotons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest+h klrb:c7 24qok7 miw annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossiblehwif: jo3ws+3 for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (+ow3: w 3ijsfhFig. Below)?

  What would be the wavel4;f:m/vt u0)ykybzf gengths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV zf 4k0:/ muvy g)tyf;bof kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are p s ieck,4ul0q/hk4/yxossible? For those forbidden, explain what la0q//x h ky4eklic,su 4ws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two prj0ti e i*fwmoj+ 613dvoducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energyk0+1 ofrdmy(r z/uqz) t3uig 3xa6qw2 of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to est(eq86 cvrxbs2ih)ia 5imate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of gbz8 +udoep43 the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the +e;w gi*:vkbx$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of pg)z/*0qy btz
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that xkp kkw ;x,(5bare forbidden, explain which laws are violated. wk(b;k,5x kxp
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a niu,:( un9 ox5t4 n(nhfy,mpdheutron, (b) an antineutron, (fmdhoin,4,n( 59: ynhu uxt (pc) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the followin)am v0p,tucqc ) ,cf:tg quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination ne:c-2rx5 f:jn jskhgj (eded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagray+d oggl .d dxuo*1q3 xk9zo1)m using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction l*.+o1x)zqxdoy9u 3o g d1 kdg$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactionrc;43. hc kqfd $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of alf *65dhuop* z proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its l ph5zfu d6*o*wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron w) b r1 eu6*jf1vefyt1eith an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV ee*r ty ee)f 11u6jvf1bach revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releay7fjwt0a: 8il sed when an electron and a positron annihilate each :y8ajwt0 i7lfother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are p hh8wnc* :mk,k/uo qfpz vj40 9to6nk+ossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, expfo6nj89u+nho, :zh4kqp vc0*t /w kkmlain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, s zo ym 9c7e6uxmwta8)s0*d0vand by what interaction could they occu 0x6c z7 y0sem8dmaows*ut9v)r? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 2m ,supatd;,y /iixc4 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweu7;ikk7e xemvp:12cn/r1d jg ak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4/+ulbknw: 7(k no qol8, for producing a pion. 8nk/l+ko (o:wqb unl7 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reaofas3mc 3ltiw4 +) ,;revmw t9ction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water mole 0sc 0u1cj go(;6lg kix,chvke3mw8:rcule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, ajof+n5i2eu (;yc d +hiefoa(+ u5hy;cn 2dj+ $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dinds 4++djf4 -g hvddi7stance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Ta ;r1cyvuu c- qai7lr4ze q22:jble 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ig 2q :ia;7 qe1ru24zlyvcrj -cunoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particsp/)4st+uy edle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactifim55ui.: guz2vwc o x/ -xab8on $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed+mud.ez zd 2j 1 h(whs)q8z-nq of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?