Give a reaction between two nucleons, s. ubfc wmg)(fhorf ;058 g3dkqimilar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a u)f0g3(ofwcmg8kd 5qbhf; r .$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, sojo,n pj i.j;k6 that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest. ,j6jnikp oj; energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constis wgff.mcg(sky2r/ 5)tuents of normal y fkm(fsw) 5crs.2gg/ atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic inur+l0mbbs ay470 w2hoys: j u:teraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino am1 3ap6jii hkm ,ir 1gq+1,oydy 1t*hkwong the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak1 3i ,mi1itoq +rpg1akw,*k h61ydjhy interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays uj2gzc f)d*6t24z+ 2 xbdvuj2e x4 veqvia the weak interaction even though the neutron a2zf2jx zceq4dut+ v eb2vg)udj 642x*nd one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four inteakyb g, oyu*.ub17z k /e;dx(qractions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part idgz ./;kby 1a uykquo ,b*x(e7n? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge andv-chss6he cdep p9: s4p0+a0h baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2:0vd69hhpasscp h0pc 4+ees- .

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via thc.o8wqrre o:ee86.:r vyk 0bze electromagnetic interactioeb 6or8:wzrrco. eq ekvy8. :0n?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interactiowt:+i9 aufbsuk(7zd.1c d2wk n?

By what interaction, anda ekwbf62+8d rbf +fz, why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electro . uvh 8k .)hw.qb4exjcltm;k0magnetic interaction?elj.4m ) 0qwv x. uk;8.hkhbct

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak inter*ap zkvi3l6lj-ky8no n64+5rtn ok 2g action?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "nraptauy 8-f7 j8,ik;ceutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle ev;8r- 8tapkuicja ,yf7en exists?

  Is it possible for a p)h1v4qw eefrc53 w-q carticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find partic0nymoclt 1osb -g5cfqo*45.xles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks andcy ql-boof xsnm.g5c4o01t5* two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay wugx;9 kve6 ;zqhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus xzk6v9geu;q ;?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy ofrit x n1:b,w 9s2borpo ;4o:if a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons.z6m+ jie,x;c l,hfs-r E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cqnmtf1gwqzkve 9f8r(-y(k0; ot*e( j yclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energz eiex( 6aeqtff3 ,b 2l43(ysvy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Ferqzet(,4ysv3xaeef3( b2 fli 6milab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron o:w s(r bw6lrs k1md*9q9qh e9ef Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pickiep0 . cdtn;w;biy .6tlng out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a p lyn;ew.c0;b6ttdi.nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revol;q2 tf;gu/u q7tu vqmc2s:o*putions do protons make tuu*vs7q fmq t 2:o/ p;;gcuq2to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength ()0h6c5qx+ytd*zl zc ov 9x y:u$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radurgoc24*6rd4skh (/4 mtw wmgv8cl- jius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel thk*e/ipwq1m9 af4aub0c (ie *hat will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required?eak a/ 0q(cim ubp*19he*wi f4 B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 secondxwz/xy; :5dk dkxr1lv63kr x+ s to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeVdrkd/3k;xzrx 5w: ky+l x1v6 x to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particlepi gfl-a7zr )e3t++yk (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab s-wcjfg .li,o .ynchrotron for 1.glc -i.wf .o,j0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in thxpf2v2d 0hl8te decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is dm) 1fpln2-s6gi8 omsreleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required n2r etj xh6)s1-p sz0z8q0.c1kbx ker to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the d ur f/4 y/x)evn xbi8c*qqa7:. nuen2mediating particle were the kaon instead o y.nbi8e*a)nd u:v4f/uc/2nx7eq q rxf the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each oiw 43 n+7y wu*a;wfgexbv3j1fther with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must+w* fnwe33 bg7 iy ;fuwvjx14a each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy musnx58u.tb c)k0kg 2eilt two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the sane2tl0c k b.k5 uxi)8gme speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak 0,zu 05r 3j oogr3lhxtforce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 8hrg 33zolj xu to00,r50 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the twot .whwd)z;0*.o v:kh losz8 tg photons produced when a proton and antiproton at re0g 8*d;z :thk. htzvwo.ls)owst annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and enerb(t .yib:j s*tgy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the phbt(.yb si*t:joton exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron ance: q1/iakfa7p8b +; vsgsuz )d a positron, sf1acps i ) /vabg7+;8 qz:kueeach with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For mil+:9bquxv o29kr p.those forbidden, explain what laws are viola9u+x:2v.qr mkbilo p9ted.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decay )ru kr h0y(n 6mdln5j,)wsr9t$\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in 6iidi )u9 7uqcthe decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimat -9k7vi f 4w4qhhzpzr3lnt;y6e the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th4q s)m 2yxs0nbe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofi awo5xm,6 lpm y43sh)yi4rb3 the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or n0 vb31v6 rdyfuncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are ford* s92nym;wr scou (8xbidden, explain which laws aresw (xr mds9n;2*y8u oc violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations tha jhpnpdc2c iyz4b/ s+wkq * *l+k5k23ot can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,c3l /hq2cjzk2d*wk4ipo *k y bn +s+5p (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark r-ord/:)ocokm 8t l3ocombinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needmiu, qt+n;/tnx dh 31ped to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reac4 / 6t,co p syuw0towoq+pr(2mtion ypc4(/o o+tmwr o6swup2,qt 0 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the 15kn/ .8faaterra h(gz/q h-ireaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of aichyd0j,f*t 1) uffn. proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? )c1 ,i*fdjth yn0uf.f
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatrovq,t p5grnv(n4jpjebr5 2qg; -- *p qfn with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV*2prq 4-bjgvrv ;-jppg 5fqe,q nn(t5 each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positronu/,do :r0v:enoc/xs g annihilate each other? /re/d c0usno::o v,gx$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are po4de chn 217ivfssible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forcf2vedi 147n hbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the followinux5b ,mrzogj9h8/e p.g reactions are possible, and by what interaction could theye . 5mo9/ur 8bp,xhjzg occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ( *okhtj h.n ag0h ,emy5zai v(li8g:e*;tpj+ $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak th+9zf nr-sfi:k eory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactionax+ 9 epwz h5*anbl+;ks, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. zx+e ka*l+9;h 5bwpna $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reac:tflm9nu6 1jz vwo 7b-c6bn) ition $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions arev3.7 .wl g(r bqwhe2ow8x5 ikd there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate ea;dw4w5r(sd dk 0xry z0ch other at rest and produce two pions, 05wyrw0d x 4kd;s rdz($\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification/weh3 tr5bl 0c distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, mmzi :-al5w,im ,2 utvbeasured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its tr:vz,m ,il-muab 52iwt ack be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in th6kw nyna3*);ufcdp4u e following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the rz*n63 yt/u6 tbynis. xo)0eb2 n gdvw+eaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the 3 stz os2l : o,hpd3*mpkdih*7speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?