Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce d2 u uxwg5y4 xrp6i78oa px48ouiux 72 6w5gdyr$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much gre7exl hg6 lov-(k3/ l5 kndml7cater tl/7dvlokl 5h n-gcl mx(3ke6 7han its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constcx :xpg f(n ve01qcx+sn8cc+2ituents of normal atoms, consist of? Whsn0x :gfe +cx cn qx8+2v1c(cpat might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic :+km0r* c*5bwws jrr d+o v)cainteraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle neces(1yoy/2 2li0 ctltgjosarily mean that the decay oc0ytol y22 itc og/(1jlcurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays viah- p(xre/z41h wv9 wuu the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting4vu/wh-eprx ( wu9h1z?

Which of the four interapv(9(hjc8omq(ii a6t e3,nxk ctions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electroociv jkmhx a6n9(q,8(p te i3(n take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Tablnz-82xrb ;ih le 32-22nblhx-r ;8 iz.

Which of the particle/wu9jbqsx9zxi0 4ut lk 07u/ oz(fpq7 decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacs// z9wqxu ui bxq0zup047j97o( kflttion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by*sf20hepfe9 ,ox:zg rz kk 0+j the weak interaction?

By what interaction, c2r jk,aw* u6mand why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle dx7wmhxf,v1 qk4 t8mv/ ecays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interacxmk1w/ m xv8qt,fv 74htion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by tqpg4mc yw 23m.fd olq((/ qf(ehe weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was mas duibd3ucr *,hvn9;l1sless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even evb c3h1uu9ildn,r*;d xists?

  Is it possible for a particle t ah-w1*)mz(li7qd4 g5ixrmr f5n mb w3o be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum cj+- d zm69)j n3qz( g9omveywxhromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made uwxm 6)gjzo3zv+jq n9-(y m9e dp of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are frebg wk,jlge.01e* teg 8e but not when they are inside the nucleus? ,gkg0 .ebte 8welg*1j

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energyq+av ,8hm3*(qnzu fze dg5 r:l pz*if6 of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-Ge i xvbb lb,q0)y5qb;8iV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magne z0t)x3+jh8et n(lqu vu 6q:jetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy pmghxg 8h9.o -ile9-paj 6t6f nroton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acce g-g8mil96 h9 6npe-ha otf.xjlerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-dxj+82f88b w b7 diqcl2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alp2vv1472 u i6jgppcq)svt/l,pr rwa o 4ha particles or 30-MeV proton)pw g u2vi po1r 2/p,tc7vvqsra4 6l4js? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How manfmx,f7;t ajg 0gxlnkd6s8l. e6a uw-3e qz,g9y revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of w l8e,t0ad,an6 mufx q -6lek.gj;fg39g7x zs25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengtnlp aw2pq2ts :, ha/x5do8yp1kx v;o/h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius z gq 4/loib*/rfn2su8 of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used toho qg bacj/w 7ua7egzy1t: 4d82u5t b. house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) cag2o7 bbqg/8juhu7w z4t5cya1. d: eatlls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes ,c,x *ria a2k, yycb5hrj8b4 rabout 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done oncerahr 5,y4rb 2ikx *y,j cc,ba8 per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charag7 0+wrydo/hvl )e. rge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synci8 ;z7 puiicz/(w,t8xq+ ttpihrotron for 1 8pt ii(tiqxcz7,+izp tw u8/;.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the defe9r(a9 on; tvh5/qrpcay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy isuiniruijy . 228oj h8 ;pai+ 8/l*c*v+nvnktk released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineu soru8r,dce 1.tron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force i*h 6iopad4f :y l444e duv*hzef the mediating particle were the kaon instead of thez ai*4yp4oev 44f*d le6hdhu: pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal si0 efh;) a:pltpeeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each hav)0; :laf pihtee if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrzk 0vi5/*qei/ 4s4zbpw* guw aons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, an * kzzv4b/s05i e/*4iqaguw pwd produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using es ypm1ykvu,4 24fk )fEq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 8ymy4vfpe )1ksuk4 ,2 f0 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of zl0-ha3r) iek the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest anne ra3hiz)- l0kihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that i/a 12/ssx gmhd 1qysy4t is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this resul2xdsq 1y/ gyms1ah/s 4t in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons pro p8r(wz4m/sd)+ xtbr)xiye0mf2v3.;fne o q educed when an electron and a positron, each with 4rf) mf2 n3er+o4x8(;qt dbes/ viw)pyzx. m0e20 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possiblyy 1hyn w2-5awe? For those forbidden, explain what laws are 5 2 ny-a1wyyhwviolated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decayiu.y 4 ; ,1larxnimym+ $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of t2;xpsx ccs3r 0+oe) iwhe electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then th yp 7k5ddk0 q/k5xli 3csy8zb(e lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of z7a z)bcb p bcfm9252nthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofxvprl xh4:-*wp/lg9 c the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainax q nu3d .5/bw4wvy*nty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explu rc)djtku291 ai9u1krtdu) c j2n which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) g3tvp*s ma g+;an antineutron, s m gv+ap*3;tg(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following xe9vh 27/uxob )kgec8 quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to p2+/w1beoh: ghgqfeu 8roduce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as il y+f6o21swvi n Fig. Below) for the reactions1 w vl+if6oy2 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the r x h9*get::t(fo;sjprt 6;z9jzu w3b8bfu 2fbeaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kine1y+f+h9xr) lvo,zq qiawx*+(kd/p wetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its waveld*1(,h+)x we x+vrofqlpiaw+ /q z9kyength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the xb q8)gzlo p861.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximate8pl 6)b 8qxgzoly how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is 6:pfgp 23fshe released when an electron and a positron annihilate each otheepfhspg f: 362r? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactiog-py6m. 1 cza/vzjjp y: 0.sqfn could they occp1. qz-f gpmsc:jyyv. az 0/6jur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by whar gi(4eau1)og:7 kp fqwf (0lat interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exf01 l: rqaf go(gw a(epki4)7uplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for afha 1-7hvj6l-g qkk b:dr 9i**rgxpv. $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory ac eoi-4*)cw e/0jktph t about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the react;s:qg/m.aj lknv+ q- dions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. - qanl jg:k dm/.sv;+q$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fn sm0n1wr5bz/n4 i2wb or the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water moleculeysm..b ,b* md;0yjeww?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprotojjvu f/ u;h36.6ms tewn annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, j;3 hus. 6e6mu ftwvj/$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification di8c0gqa99j efiw( -wys5x5 nhustance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in T 3*jqk2 2my ej a1kba6y35xuhcable 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at 63cjamajhkk qyb2x e3yu25 1*rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. 2g ctlbcxysz+- (2w5x
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactirx*f 1 4x8ajxuon $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of then40vd ;i1i+ f-+h rkvdfkc3(y )retqx speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?