Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq v9 v3jh6(nwol. 32-4, that could produce a lo6wj (n v9vh3$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kin3p4:gft yn0 hjetic energy is much greaj3:th 0npf yg4ter than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antipa 1x zjzalp7v77e3-yfcrticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, yx-j37vf17eza 7pc zl made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay sikrqwrtd)m 63 8gnals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay +xhz mp-d 3dgl(wk2bjym;))cproducts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do alz+gmd(cdk mbj- );xy2)3hpwll decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though d qos5jr6wf5(the neutron and one of its decay products (prot(6q r 5d5sfowjon) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, elee 3fyey 2x(cqu8r*g c/ctromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A pxc2efy ru8qce3yg/ (*roton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conservedevq cpmx h6p()7b r*9cd/ua )n in each of the decays in Table 32-ra vnc)q6()bd*x9pc upmh/7 e2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur vr x v5ga/j/r+ voja. tkc g)nuz)o0,*wia the electromagnetic interaction? au. c50oj,n jzw+vr ogxv)t*/agr/ )k

Which of the particle decays in Table 3, dtmgj8+l+ /em 3m2pgx(dbu6al4 +- oigay jz2-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doeb+ktap;q7m d k+aj :s5s $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the8;h y(vd1cyw dxyj58u6s1cfp electromagnetic interactxcv618uy hd f(yyd ;1w5csj8pion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interq)5lu wnce6; daction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color ch-97luzirll j .arge or electrical charge, and did not feel thj i.lz9-lru7 le weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a367dhxn jy *9i/plug j1;ajd v particle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possiblekxy 9axu(d yeo45 m)4r to find particles made up of two m 4dau yxr5xoke4)y 9(quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the nuclwq+/b ustu/ 5neus?+b//qst u u5nw

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.357;syj oxl3r8w6y zv0j GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeVo+am9g9b r9:1kob vju electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which opp s)h:: 62jtpi7v* 8e2cni 8mues koprotons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high(4l r -wj0eseh-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accel-0l(e swhjr4 eerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron t6wu( do8b2cx(x we;jof Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of xs :7fbz,x;/jwmwfpz1o. pk -the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucl; -:xfw zpp7wx ,1sm.okjb/zfeus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of amt* )m)pgtt p8 cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kineti8)pm*tgp)tmt c energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength ( q 3,k dboa 2)en+ef4-wtbwr4w$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accele.g- e zvl.w re4z*lyc3rate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunneaz 7s )geu4j6oiaum ,h,mwj6(l that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadr47jha suam( mu6weg),j6zio, on Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes aboutxls a.8wzxvl c7 6v4 c/sg-c0b 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 Ges 4 cbvlz/.c87c0xv wxg6-lasV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a pa 9xl8gd plo.g08fl xhlo;.71hdpf - wsrticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchro,81 we mbtsatms951n qtron for 1.0-TeV protons? B = b1,t 9ns 18s mwea5mtq   T

  How much energy is release+8 sukqrz*i kpq 9(0/zf houu7d in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy k fg 9bp7,a,-ejlvp lc z2iz/7is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required tour:mhd4b ae7y/hlza n1f. w,6 produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force: uei,y5, l7hy78agnh aj;cyp if the mediating particle were the kaon instead al 5:p j igc n,hya;7,7yh8uyeof the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each yvprl3n.uk( d/-f(0gku*3l s5plgrk other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have (l/gg*ud usyk 3.(5pl-0 pkvf3kl rr nif a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic ener3mhe4 xv ggz) 7e(exd3.d:a urgy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at ) e 4 rge3z(au.:exh xdmvd3g7the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the pt/zwlv *kva/80zg 7xweak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as ab7t0vw/gv zk/z* al x8pout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the twof t-, mjtlgm3zmksca3zxm fh:-(r2;9 photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annis-9lj( m r2hm-c xa 3z,zg:mt;tkf3mfhilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impo7l 3n;qrxwv a5ssible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below) n3vx7a5qrl ;w?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an el /n amyq7 rcz 3b4)rp/do2pg,vectron and a positrbcd/z go3m )/p4vra y2,7q rpnon, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possib2 gx36bzp xsj)le? For those forbidden, explain wha)gsp36j x2 bxzt laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in thj2r 5ejm84c 0kpsap8hhwg dm.cy :0 6ge decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electronr7ldvvsp hyjt 3kq2d4 y( s2)6 in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to est f ,iyccnh:hi-i-;9ro9*,y gkepa(zhh8 xs 4l imate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of c c5p5z c:cz8ythe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thre/v6xp/rz6 4) n;wxxji 5 lhie $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertain8q4wk(/r9i: pm ppggnty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those tf+g inv)yndqnml e49 ,c,, (uihat are forbidden, explain which laws are violgvq( ,i+ef, cm9n n) yl4udn,iated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations -2 m kazz*i -0ojte, 18siu5t*gntbitthat can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron,o- *k 1ags-z8jmz5 u0,tiiet i*nb2tt (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations pr)wzxq +z7btt8 u)u q.joduce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to prfm1e ybsnj*; /g-3 r(nkpjf t1oduce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quah;ivkq0a q+/dly15ddbfk j -7rks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction dv qf biq5;dk71lhy-0/ j+kda $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the rea6evornq pm l3i(, 0ln8ction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose8fuuena * lyl rpou 13a64.l.heqb-p: kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its .l*8fqhu6un ray.- ul le:baeo4pp31 wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radi-u v cf:ike0+0tf;fwaus Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long dofte;f0a iuv wkf-c+:0 es it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an elecltn*x-ox tl ,/tron and a positron annihilate each o- /lx*txt,nlother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are pos:w k4odhgyu bu4 o(w)9sible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. h(kwu94 go) u db:yw4o
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are pos/gx,/ b:axgo* xd 4qxfsible, and by what interaction could they occur? Forb ,:gf/*qxgx dx/axo4 those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aac6 ,c/j9* dmnupq kb- $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweakm o6o 2aiqs4/. (oomi,+n hndm theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, E(gbgu2wg0 mxysuhf+, ,2 pc, nwx53slq. 32-4, for producing a pion.2yuhgw5l,wpmus b s 23ng cxg,x(+, 0f $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the1ktf)1u)e .ze1 6v.poysidjun .: vvh reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are 9. z9yhg qb:exjxou)6x ,tga ;there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each oth *0 hg9/x:fql s6cu1ajkcmth6z5ef q/ er at rest and produce two pions, xm6 la0qst /* 6fhccjqu5h: fkeg1/z9$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificm ( o5b1abdhsy1m *8ahation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measur9yfsi l9c 6kd6ed in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic enkds cf9y966liergy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing afad:g o ijhk73p /8/lp1q,4bj/txcxparticle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the r6k yne(ed(m6 7ts+ru 7t,swf eeaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the aaf t)p/ bj+;cspeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?