Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32qcje 4z e2h)9z-4, that could produce a 4cz2)h eeq9zj$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high sp1lgr:69 zy em6tbctr g( luax8zi(r+.eed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater thanzy9rlt8i a1:e xrl(+g6tg u( .bcr6mz its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," madecolghh -, .zf- vr*j-u up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact-u-zr,g-v o*chflj .h with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electrofw(pmo.br )4o magnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a nesa9tbb2t*/+0h ib3ug; ju cqvutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all deb0s b3;cua9 uh*v2t/gq+tb ijcays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak inte. niasoi oi3-1raction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting i3s1nioo.ia -?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravit+ 6edzb06r0 8s.l vrtfjste4: pbqxl9ational) does an electron take part in? A neu:+zj9xlq6rt0 lb0 se.fp48 sed v6bt rtrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each o byb0 ed,atyy hdrx+/4oh95 8xf the decays in Tablebh r,+dt ea8yybx 09xh54/doy 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic ingr8ybf o3u; (xteraction(8g ry3b fuox;?

Which of the particle decays in Tabl5mj6yr// w fire 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, eb r8 h0/jnm(vbg+0 reand why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 o;zx 0 o,ytwsujjn2v (pj +o6i w*we:9vccur via the electromagnetic interacuo:oxsev;90j2p+znwy , iv tw* (jj6wtion?

Which of the particle 57 mebej*c ypl/y) a.r 6gqps9hmt2ot,ws8 (fdecays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind oii7v 1; ac ywx/obp*z+f "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical ch ;a iw *x+oy/cvip1b7zarge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both 6h pr5d96yjfr* ky0uz u)y asfgge1(4
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of qu3ii5ilol*;c3sw5aeo antum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiqu ae 33c 5wilio*i;lo5sarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are i8iatfw68y+ 31c cbktunside the nucleus 8 6wytaib+c8fkut31 c?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinijhc d q+n1kqt fh83n+tci29,etic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E , ka dpq:-ph bpgun,92=    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnet** m4:n;z3 fo9mrx cm.oaf xpcic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-v e;rk hyrd4ko5d6) 1tenergy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilabv6hetrk kd r4do )1;y5 accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Examg91iip w9hn/6iy0 aiq ple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking outm( 8 y+07z+toxoddc:rxcn rrq y)g6,t details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? C mr8dz o7+dnr(yq6r,cg:cy )t0 ot+xxompare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across t-ji+h:;+.zi i dbebho2 minu 8he dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25b i eib:i+.zmh;-iu 8 noj2dh+ MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength *c duu:tx8 / 2bte7(rc0srazg ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m isc17 0lr *fiqo1gtru*0/tdcqa to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used toz pvv 59ouml0-xsgf. 7 idvf*2daac +; house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for.*+v0ufzp5i 2 a xfvc-sodal gm9d7v; proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the 0: gqgpp6uqi 3energies of 6pgqip: 3u0qg the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chh1yjpi; ex/ ;aarge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intens7ssx- gin0hz2nx4o75 vcfv. bim l9) mity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron -o4.bv27f zinxlsx)g vmim5 n 09hsc 7for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is rwz3rx68*; xbcjz* ydoeleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasqkffu rmyhpk4 8l)j68r*:v 6 sed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a 1j1kori0bmq6a1 t*h:4 imnjcneutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediatinglset9qzwaro 20m8uaj(jt0 55 particle were the kaon instead of the piwt j5tm8lr0(q5 0jesu oa9z2aon. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal bxvdsu9n,69p speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if 6x ,vpn9sd9bua $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kineticy -(ma 5yo /b:hnwg h(t6wtym9 energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and :wt yth5yan9h/g-6mbywo(( mproduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the mash-wn 05bdyi; ;.3.y i ci/ic*rnc ymfuses of the W and Z particles as aboutcu;;c0bnm y r iych.*nf w/3iy.i5i-d 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons p k7h gx-,mr5/ ijvmce2roduced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate?m5h ,7/xgce-kjm ri2v $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving meg3pw, akt-2e oc7,mjs6 pdz 3omentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram3wdg2 6e, tpp, mkacz7seo3-j in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the t9+piztrl 2 )jkwo photons produced when an electron and a positron,)j9pzki 2+tr l each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are pov7zi7) koef uyn6 wl78ssible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violat uvo77 l)izwfe6ny78k ed.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic enerq.-s 0fqgme 3mgy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in thez:cm2jkt(z5io3 h mixym8. + t decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the ldt 7tx5 wh e3wpham8q gn/0 (maom- cjul403-bifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th*zyisam- 3 ;u;3ll kyn.; znlse $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the4 ucrin; z37gsni 31og $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or unce 2q(bg6 pz1ozsrtainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are z6enhas02os;uis - s4rfwg)0forbidden, explain which laws are viosh azu6n 2f )04swsi-ro;g0selated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineu gbs,jm jo75t-b6urr6tron, jt u5gobrrm6 j-7sb6,(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quar9hkv6ep s8hc5ocem 1- k combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce 70khy qq7 0.9qru*jgud(n y uza $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) sf-alne k7bw:-r )c,cfor the reaction ,cr:aw-nf7l- es) bck $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactr67d 5mh v+is3e-jy geion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whot6,l.,gs4j3n6pohggj17o vj ve tw 9kse kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its waveg.6 evtnvtp9glj o17 4 kjj3w,oh,6gslength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-k)havinz v(2 *em-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it takevn2ih)(*v e za for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is release9 ,qqi0amplnn,mjbt( 9nm c46 d when an electron and a positron annihilate each othel9t,,c4 n0 qminaq 9nbpj(m 6mr? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction9clf6 hw c6q(l could they oc6ll cq 6hw9(fccur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are +;iuyi3u /a5rz+kt knod: nl2 possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain ntud2/ z5ryo;ua: ink+l k +3iwhy.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ccz ryu;;qavf42 d/3v. wsle*$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the eleu vnjemdb0/z0 3u//m4i zz1aactroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. / :v*wfed3 kiz j7pub)32-4, for producing a pion. /kb vfd )u:7we*z ijp3$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value 7xdv 9x,du )4j) qgmnftwb0 a9for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water 4mio rcz .vwf4b7j28r3 dv zq0molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce twa3*fu*swcskws j uvl x, 0.y;1o pions, fwl;* sjks 3,su 0v*1axwyu.c$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distanwdsq w9na; gd::pm5myw(1azt ;q+o4wce of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a r6e .unx(8of-lq j ja3xeference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, .68l q3exf-a o(ju jnxhow long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the followi( 0 ;y./ef5kuxxxszmo ng reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the rep; 33k/r0. du j9ofqu9hmtxbsaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spkpb) se d2qzhxa+-t 5-eed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?