Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could gr9q04b tp4hlproduce a pb94qhr0 t4 gl$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, p fh4ih0j,i5:zyl3wkh:b6g+f jn(eo;ld s6dso that its kinetic energy is much greater than its resy f :khe,0zg;5lj bo+h :sjf(pdili 63hn4w6 dt energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of xe: m 4 jelekr:76fwe-the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal worldwee:- xk6f rlm:7jee4 of matter?

What particle in a decay *ch*q cu yl0soe. j: o14h1vhmsignals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino amoo1kr* ibalb92wo sx9 4ng the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a ne ro9wix*ls1ak2 94bbo utrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction-f1lfe1g ce(q even though the neutron and 1glc1e-qe ff( one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) dorr: w(tdwm17g9pga9 aes an electron take pargd(tm prw97waa r:g 91t in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon.nu o;v m(vl;n number are conserved in each of the decays in Table.nv ;n(o m;uvl 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Tr+ytxkv-dnet x37j dkgu 19(0able 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactix-xr9vj k0ngu 71+d(dket 3yton?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interyt7/.he0v z twcl/lzp2*og x0action?

By what interaction, and w jjw14si1j/9 la o4zjmhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromi sqwzo*v(0k*agnetic interac v0k(q*w szo*ition?

Which of the particle decays in Tablexq1 2zo+ -s ;ueqr 3ux8ir8ewf 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinole 3a3v4.ne9jpw)rm9i mn7cy eqx7f jj. t" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the w. n3i4cm9)7 xeja 7wmv n.9j3j rqyfepeak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a parfab;o+94tyo r:b zk(v ticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to qj aea cacd bzwj-m-+:.27 uc,)jxy c,find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two anyxue+) ca-dcz 2 ajaq:jc- jw.,7cm,btiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the nucle jwt3lv- wk.rke 4knmvx6 vw/l 1;0gsg*s:pr9u;1l.xltw/nvwk -g ger4m vrv0jw*:63pss 9kks?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton+k8;w5z3cwyrnnt. xd whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E = * m.px6ytt jz3   $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetl*q v(b0w* b6*ch ldyimf71oeic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution+cdhwj.jw5(a*;558kx- cl o cj mgira for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermil-*d5rwmgl cj8a jco i.jwxa (kc ;+5h5ab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelis *na7ybf7 j hxo u*4l)6bn8xerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles on.vt xr+r1 y9yh 7w*mvr 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths wi9y*.t yh+ mvn1v w7rxrth the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 ko)/e5;o0f ieskjdzb,V. How many revolutions do protons make to reach ,obd)iseof0;k5e/ jz a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (x5k)wb 2wxtb +$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuteronsg0tuhf0fvs )oe)* g+a ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for thckui-ote06p ;f8enz 9e Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will bez9ceop u;0t8ei6fn k- required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilasy2xb 9v9e+*qjh 5uin b Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy 2enbj*u+x9yi sv5 9qh given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (cp3*j qtpws: t7harge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab sy:.anuv or;lq zz7 :mu7e e,3/p cabdy(nchrotron for 1.0-TeV praz (.bae:m 7nc3;,dlo/veuuzry 7 q: potons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the dejp +gsp3+u dp+cay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when a e(x k0ms*r1gz id 8p48iwd(u h$\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutrs1r ) qldp)wq;tdk-x) on-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating p3df6z8 xpca31 jhp shmw.ttq. p5+ xp8article were the kaon instead of the pit358z.w fq.shxp d 368hppcm+apj1txon. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other wifw hdqa 7daz2i*.n (f:xg; l*yth equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if z ;a2(x. faydhgl7qnd*i*: fwa $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two dkcd+vz fxmu( i a)hm3p+r;s:/*s1ju neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each ov s)i /j3 ard1ud(pfkm:+;x *mzucsh +ther, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weveo)v1561vegice tf i 6/iou)ak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as tvv 1)61ee/ iue56cofogv)i iabout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of2w* gsu3w4pql6dy1x x the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annixwsg6pql ud32*w y41xhilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it h:4zg(f 0q ujbis impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, 4hj0gbqf (u:z how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electrofh9ffvq.dtj2nde wjp4c)9zy0l) : 2yn and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilahylz.cy4jp0 tdv2))ff9nj 2 q de9:fwte head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following ryq nfdzxu7 h+80 1rk5yeactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are +nf r7k1y 58uy 0xdqhzviolated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products fj9ynily( 2onh971z uin the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetimu.w:qe y 5 h*fqau;/pc energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy wid-w(8 :h1/r fmqinwcwmth and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width off7sb s*4 dow:t the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ohfk7d gz0 k(,,fml/rg3up sf: f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (oryjs(f -me.x1kv2/k hn uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that arec(x fb/ c:vvr+zq0kb* forbidden, explain which 0f+bz bcx/*c(rv:kvqlaws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (y; s+8wgu ugrza u+* sze,gs26b) an antineutron, s wggs rg8yseuu*+ z, +u6za;2(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce:xlpq6/*f laca(( bb x khy-iqi5/h6 f7 (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinz0 jiklr(b;/k ation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in w )*bwq4cszo9 cj.a4 sc wa6)cFig. Below) for the reaction aqc )4aj. cocww6b)4w9z sc*s $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram -1s*vhv rlr :sfor the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a pt +mja6*f4v veroton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelenge vj+m6t4afv* th?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into th;t1kof fv;kcwol1auez 5. i :+e 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how ei ztwk .f ;c f;5al+:1ko1vuofar do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron qnpe.y r.m +lu/ ppjf9ioe8)2 annihilate each other? qpire/e. nm+p92u. fj 8)lyop$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction--fh9.wgsv f9iz fe, x could they occur? For those -hs.9-wvf, z 9ffgx eiforbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by (0c y/ig e;mgp1l3eex what interaction could they occur? For those fc/ 3plxymg(g 1ie0e;e orbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a p *z8d )v3*yr,,dfnsx w/feku $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the e* uvlp6y /r4 ao.d5mbicke-p( lectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for :j+y+5y zk 1uskgphu*8kt*rui; (hnnproducing a pion.kzu5yr *+ut hh1n;+ s*y :u8kipg(jk n $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for t .nr42jin;l q nt +kfjc4*2kywhe reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental t 4,j*s2vlf).tuh :njw y4h zufermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihil*;k90qy ih0 +rk3dc)rxs rage ate each other at rest and produce two pions, y *rg)3kr xi+0 qekr;9dca 0sh$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance of 7kz -2evoqqof,pr* +fqa 4fc+ $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of+(9cljssfah t -f7zp * proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in ts7z( * 9+c jptfaflhs-he lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following ;uv gti z(5-ucbft670sxmp8j reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe-). 0l qdslzc2g(tqtxkf29ui the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speevc*/0iekrb;x ( y)bwcx cs))id of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?