Give a reaction between twu b 00bu2adl+do nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a u bubd+0la2d 0$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at:v ne vwyfj,f6 /*pc0x very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than inc/* jv:yxwf,0vfp e6ts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of tu6su*(wjvq*ni uly8p lth8dy5:6eu3j2y/b d he antiparticles to the constituents of normal at/(5h vswydp3 * byjy88*di66lu 2uutuje:nqloms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a d9: : meu0xgrzit +z .w/udovn5ecay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino/e 6x; ;ubc/ fcp8umhn among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? /f8b;h/pxenc;uc6mu Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the wyf:ac2dz .o6 xeak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proto.:xoa6f yzdc2 n) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, :v6asq;)(znf.g9zfcsr t 0l telectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) doel ;zqtg6rv9s)fn0zc t.( fs:as an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserbl,0wro98ban1 w yym81x)o sqved in each of the decays in Tableb,b)y1y 8 mox01nsw rq89 awlo 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2dv2ziu,3.+ plt+xm2 of+evoyycr;/r n, p ac* occur via the electromagnetic interactizfp ;v.yroea23l ,uo+c +d*yrpx, vitnc m+ /2on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 3c,fmf;7)oi; pk imx 8-v ymv2c2-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doeh4oqxv *-+ap cs $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle 3qlq z 2xx1ac )pz9n-xdecays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?)n1lzxc- x2x9pa q3zq

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interactionbrt49v5 n+whps*coo :?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "n5v 1d)uwl dzdf1eh38xhx + 5ypeutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not f hp85e)yzxw11l 5xudhdfd +3veel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be b0hi lcc :qjj:pkxw;y+z*ql;+m f(g-moth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible tmrv7kdw4(, n w0mgka;eu,6 ml o find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?m6 ;,7wv0akk4 (lug emnd,rmw

Why do neutrons decay when they are free butsic 4gf,cdwbz g )(2*t not when they are inside the nucleus? 4) fc(wtsgi,cbdg*2 z

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energyd)qoy,9q ( :iay*g-vayp 92v)m ) yux2 lzaxlj is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electronswx i) 586 tv5lfrcjw 4sx,8hds. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is u/p(hg3nrtr gcv ..a/ased in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proto+sr(c * qxnnv z l6vlqc5i,+(on in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? + (,qic+x5sn(l*c v6olrn vqz T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exn2u73inupwa (ample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of thlm+2xuse c/m,doe+b 4e nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon isem c +4dlbo2 mx/+u,en a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is f6o2jzjm*g a0l lq+ i) :nqpd:55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? z*gfi02oa::q d+ j 6)lmqnl pj $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengtc /efr69 ncf(,ef oqu4h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a raj xj5t9oc-kus),hzp 6dius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that wilt.od2/g/trye/ qr 0nx l be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron gey2nrt/ /xd q/0ot.r Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20y95ur07f ml 2*wkv twj seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The accelerat0*29urj ytf m7vw5kw lion is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a 7e:nhkoa+c,r9 qekm , lsmy-9particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity y/v uu7qz u3f9nt c;w8is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV pro cuu;f3n7t q8 zwuy/9vtons? B =    T

  How much energy is relea orlp5 )+ywzu3sed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is r0 t 5(jubw)k8ilf7n kgeleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-t07 gb ( wo/x/ppuo;ckzig*n-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediah9vqg9q8 qw a2; ,cfjeting particle were the kaon instead of t9agwf, 2he 9 ;cqqq8jvhe pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. Wha tlvfmt;k(6uk2qo7 t0 id1axec ; p8x3t minimum kinetic energy must eam ;kic p ;3o71q0ud(86e xvktf2xatltch have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neut:t+z4em.)z wb0oyk kr rons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each moz e:wr+k)kbtz y04. other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force usic eucfbw8d 08-ng Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W andw 8cdeu0cb-8f Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when b((6..z;jb bm i2av, :dgsy8c ofnokda proton and antiproton at rest:o8o a,nk ;2jd(zs. y.6bidmvgcf(b b annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energyoc7bo gdq :q 9u7eg9mc+r*dnbsf.1, u , that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. us1d+ue9 fcbn 7od:q .qog r 9cbg*,m7(b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced wheqz86 th.j 1,dndkt xgib(* -j8q lutp7n an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihildg d1x-p kqt6 t, 87qhlb(jzn*tj. iu8ate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For thosals i8hsa)b.4 e forbidden, explain what l4ls.ah8 )s abiaws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two produc/ 6*lezz ,qd1oxo( )br9* cl pfyf:yt5ngvb2 tts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetbg. p4z9zmf .tic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy widtp(/psx9cpzwc 3 ,1eru h and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oawt t5qvk; dx s-z1kk;yd*m 33f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of twtt5p(6;ww ia hdt-5vhe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy w)m3,t 4mfzkrqidth (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays d40rx0kippzl+kz unx8d.17 jare possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which lan0d 7+pkrxl .dzu1z0 kxjp84iws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a n ld t 50jgy;hpp4 bl-d06gr 3hdw*bdg6eutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a 0b6 jddb rll*wy ;hpp56d4- g0d3thgg$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark comb atwm n tcxx8nnyg/) 5qi54g7wfs0(qd .hv5 )hinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce a i4qme bo*hx(;,yazzw78 q/*f:z eqq k$D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynw8jrbl )zsj/lk:) jf, man diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction f zj/sk8),wj:)bl ljr $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reacy 5 gz2pwiqr3ci 9()xmtion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy a/+ 6nmk- em0 uni;wpgis 25 GeV? What is its wavu+6 gmnw/em p-i ka;0nelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an ; d2jx ;*jjwzkenergy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take dxjj2z; ;*wk jfor them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an elecf w;5c 3v8yyhlrvo8:btron and a positron annihilate each other? wo:b8f hyy;vv8 c35rl$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inter)ggt7x rkaxaq2ebyl* /.5;+(ric7 f5iefvx daction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why.)fi5l2 *rd+ktxebg ec y(;i fa7aqgx75 rv./x
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by 0dcq6ul kiw9v t073 dab.q am4what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explabd dqal.q9 ma3icu0wk70 6vt4in why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a -*t8fpyq rma cppj*+0$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrows180 wb9f61349 dq :wxgjpl :s 2hvgndbkpuj yeak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 3jphbsalwe :0 emag1+ss)t8 x n9t+ 4g22-4, for producing a pion. xgtaps2j)b h nml++ t 0esgaw1:9e84s$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for*yqu6 r: f+e+ o8jnqb*k- 0 gnbacyuo7 the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watr4)gupf,pyi)rw1 2l pi: hh 05yk)rzper molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihksgd- /5(7y7ey /dj fxl 7p. a8spck*bh6hu dlilate each other at rest and produce two pions, hx dsg7 k(5 hyd l.e*udy8f psc/6j -7kpa/bl7$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance k s ;j)wz 7(erb h5kop941wtrmbmdp ;3of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Ta 1q8l2zxv4r cg6b dy vto;4c(uble 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 Mexvt4r gzbc6v(8od42 cq1 y;ul V, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. hxe;sgx34on 0
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reacre*0bqf-xcp4 .y yr9btion $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed oq:+ vv:zyz1m45z pgkjrptj7i0 3jm q3f light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?