Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could,v2i8 upx4jgdcb il.9).hxnk produce a k d8c.lup bv2.nixgji9,)4xh$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very hyqok-q :gy*4q igh speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rqyykgo-4 *q :qest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to thea;t0+u+sg5t bfkk)/ q q4aweh constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our norm5k0t aq)k/ bfs4t;q+u+ gae whal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electro7:pb4t1uu 9, c4 ujyo pzzl0ktmagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino amoauna7)2s m /50nhfqyn ng the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decf5qy 0nu/s2amn)nh 7aay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron d tytqr62/ tfif)1;j osecays via the weak interaction even though the neutron iy;t j)o/6tfrsf12tqand one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weaksw4f*alxlb5*t.rk )k , gravitational) does an electron take part in*tfs)k .xkll5rw4b a* ? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each ofd c 9j2,np*iv s/kyq*)7cv rmy the decays in Table 32-2c v7)rdpv** /29, cmiq jnsyky.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic intkq8rf e-)dn) z-wws4yeracti)rk8nfe s-qww)yd4-zon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 ocdc paza9/i-7 tcur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction,yrfve6os9 tv3fhy,6a +g x3:(sayh (e and why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table r z9c0-k l(si((dhserd :vstk 6;,8nw(pbl st32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction? (r ,;9ssd(:n(wc s8 6l - iztsdkert0l(khpbv

Which of the particle decay5yuy3vpcd,kf (9vm c q(2m;l cs in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massles83ox:(axds ht5ss:x z s, had no color charge or electrical charxx oh:sasx38zts5(:d ge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a party,u.gxizl e +icekm350r1wr/icle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possiis0zsr ; vfa+d/)otx6i3ovj- ble to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?/ v ft )a;rjiivs z0xd6so-3o+

Why do neutrons decay when they ar a97e*6th obe,7xiseu 3gw/f ie free but not when they are inside the nucleus?i/gi,s7e butx ow*h7e3a ef69

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energgscbr:n ti6 dlh/sp ec 6nci7*)-g*r, y is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E =kd8js086-vvkmt,dk 1a n.9o ce oxlr2    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron p yyfm05r7mbz)* 3:kfxphh: 2z5kgh cin which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-enerf hxcn 7(p d;p-bq-w3ggy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleratoxcp;(n-wbhfp -37gq d r? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelera3f:yv8pw :rmxted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nu+fut o+v/0d6l pw eq,ycleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus. / 0 vqyu+o, twplde+f6 ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the d7t9y8ps sw7 ryees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? y w7ry8s9tsp7 $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng1,vaf -y8jghr wg p virx)b344th ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a ra kel55z5.k rmmdius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house thi:2jtrr8l *i5w,s l;qc r4 dfve magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams ofq85w,:lc v 2lf isrd4jr;* tri energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energi;c35 qpiblee r 3:)fooes of the spi33lef:e b)roq5 ;oc tored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energyo: fnqi08kto :1ou/u j of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is nemhn8aj(q njj65eizfe x).dslj 5/+9 teded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons?nf tj655xlee )a i.zjj( djh9mqn /8s+ B =    T

  How much energy is released in the de2u )viy oux3/qcay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is relez.g8u2b xc3cc ased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pair? *) wz c e3p+3anihf6vrqqm0g(    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the media)ofp*l vl, bt;ting particle were the kaon inso),bt lvfl; *ptead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal-6ozue bp62j*- eoa ks speeds. What minimum kinetic energyu6as--ooe2zek pb j6 * must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must twfuj 5r0h:rw9 kbb1+ 5vu*rmgpo neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward eakfuuhg+v r b:m*b5 r1jp r95w0ch other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weax11 91 e-b:aplsyzs5qut nitrip:s.nbj (;s; k force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 es j 5x;9:ayitnq;s1sl1n (p burbi1zs.-:tpto $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a prrz;usd, 9p+ ppoton and antiproton at rest annihi+9z;p ,sp purdlate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossib (e5y kp-cu+pmle for an isolated electron to radiate only a single pho5(+u peycpm- kton. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and use .he k+5 kj-d*l:hna positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate dj -uhes5+klhnek.* :head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbid7x0b((i pjzg d3nbcxv3 -c;a)p/ej feden, explain what b0ecxpbn3cf)jagx (7;ze v3pd-(/ jilaws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic e/ugw40svb p2t nergy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrnlq2e,wdl 42j on in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate jr qoh3lc-v/ 1lzk+ ;tthe energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thep1uw zro/wnax jl037ba-v /k) $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oft/d b 9bxy8x3 3uclp+o the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncers-upb .:q5y4kirw8f ntainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following .8 .1u.;k uyqghpnp(4 bdcc8o ;pefgcdecays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are vcc(88 pb4 f c quo.g ghe;y.pn.p1ku;diolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form 5-d 6lxuows 6 ohhhcixt.3,)x (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a .xt)wcs h-6 hlxx hi5douo ,63$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combiaxh fp: *8i4mdnations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed7towmb*i1o 0f to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram uspne-)ee-r.u l ing quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactione.pue-e n -)lr $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for tj iok6l2)spanvy0qfvd5khw /y-r5j2 : wv19ohe reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whoo-f-,kzpq)t )oruz a 9(x:oo dse kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength?- doqto)9upf(: zk,xo)arz-o
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatr;i6k:6rqn hbfy7s l1e3p evz:rl wk0(2h)xylon with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long doeh6:hk eq)lv;1x7 3 pw( l0rysb6 r nzkielf2:ys it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy blk bp+x3bqr4c4+xgl7ap/7 jis released when an electron and a positron annihilate each j4blx/x +73bk +b ga4pq7rpcl other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactionxz 5di +4vy wv0-du(xk could they occur? For those forbidden, (-uivdk0+xdxv 5z w y4explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by 7-*i nif;ffiu ye+ey: what interaction could they occur? For thos+fu*7y;ie-y: eifnfi e forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ui:r5yiy34qi.jc* xz $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the elect 8*)zh,gfyaj -j6v/awy tvd f;roweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a piyjfa/46 r13 cinoy6q mon. n j/m6yo4r y afqi361c$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fgd0gsm-kd 7 ;pg5oag)2xgr: for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental f /lgzca ;gq3pj7 uaeygd rvc08-6l+7y qd9 3kmermions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton an/-u19xalxbo*ke yq(x nihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, o*9a 1yxx -lqexb/uk($\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called 0cx:md99/3 l yegv i11jkykbkunification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a 6wdo5h;1isx x *p,(h3gfclktreference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lept hih35(sp,x*;xko6lg 1f dwtcon is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in n bhp-z 9o3lhwzo3d-9the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descri-;5x w66ve)w ghnkvav be the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed bn)u2c wyfmrb6 c+ 9i+of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?