Give a reaction between two ny,oritq0b:+ r ucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a i,ryqr0:t ob+ $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is movinzfft7ur(j 04 mg at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its reu0r7 f(zmf4j tst energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom,l 6ys;jj27tqbnm gw.;" made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, madetsbjm 2n q7g;.yj6wl; of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the eler iuf5bw*3 (a6sm0vh yctromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarilcx3* p*.uio2h7rwt aly mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weaolx7 tir*3cauhw *.2p k interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron wn qpu o8;e.o-a.z.xddecays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay produzdop8nwu;.e-q.o xa .cts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational)e(p q(3mv) .rt uxc7 mjt2ddc; does an electron take part in? A neutrino? dxm(t ep2q)3cv(u 7mc; r.djtA proton?

Check that charge and baryon numbm:w clwa8;u((jpc) o7 n6gewter are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.pww( e)87w(o 6g t; ac:unlmjc

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur vicu /kh6k7f*m ta the electromagnetic interactitu*7m f/k6hckon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak mrw- l v/do/e6c,n slw)2sme84sx4 oc interaction?

By what interaction, and why,d3 abwi du;fn2ma3j7oh4-8g +cjxn8 d does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32s n3qi+dtq4/bk /jwl y)g0.mjwv h -/o-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactionj ys)t0bg3k jqw/-/i.hl4vnow /qm+ d?

Which of the particle decays m9 c4wwdddh7glot+6ti lz314in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was masslessao3r;nkqb6j i 0y;km b9vt;.j3bi8yt, had no color charge or ek;q ; yobt9;jv63 br8mik0jbtnia3 .ylectrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle 9 80tkes3c p od)1murjto be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, wouldj+8kbvdyhwmldj)t5 m 1 .:wcet) w82n it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks +5w8 t)b.hn)2ktdj m v jlw18dcw y:emand no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free bgf9tab9du 2hjm2n .a -ut not when they are inside the nucleu -9baa g.fnudtmh9j 22s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose k9+x0k cquju)v xl8qs g hb01wrtt5 9.sinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelengt +ndw 4b8bxg5wcijd)2 h of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a uh (s0re3 xqr9cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for onj( d8ywl 64:hiip3p jke complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceler3y:k6 dijj (pphwl48iator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotronumsqz.:p v16 m w2qmfa7k3 f-x of Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particlesy+ 4ci7w s f4otcti)fo1i/zj ( or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with theo tcw44ty7 co1f/zii s+ ()ijf size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutiy9sxke idf/ us-rik.n 9hfp (9s(r)p(ons do protons make to reach a k)(psi h(. suny kpd i9rsfe/f( 99-xrkinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength k 8tsx 4k4ytbm,e4) ;ul75wg jfw ca+l($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerw r:x1jva*ck 3ate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be usex :s1e tfe9) 0ksp1jygd to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collid)01te1kpgs fxy9s :ej er (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies*5e uf nji,g7 yh,-maw of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per tur5, y fi,u*em7jwhga -nn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a parhzga4g+ 0xf u3r52b n2yb3rikticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensy3vq4zgxd 5m4s 1k(m 0t;osiqity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-T(v sqdk t13s4oygxm04i;q z m5eV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is reycf.c ;r;(7gz nqw3leleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when apxh uvf-3nc: wp.y3n 0 $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron paha .ifn6w0gh: ir?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the .ueyna or2uk o:tx2 42tpz85bkaon instopo2ekub2u584:a n. txry2z tead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading towa3bgn xwb/5zbg j; cw:1qo c:/krd each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if a :bqjc3gngbc;/xkw/b5oz w:1 $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must0tj)4k-iq y:/t )/ig oahtzpo two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and prod-4)0j i)at:qzh ookty /i g/ptuce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, givenc t0ap)7r/ ek-wx qdp/tk6.w k the masses of the W and Z particles as pdwtaxec.t kpqk-7rw/60k/ ) about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons producedo)wbs, k j. atzaj7xs0),3 c0gwlmn/c when a proton and antiproton at rest an)a c/kn7w0o w30,.matxj, l g)sczsbj nihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, thatz+fycs:uh6e 4 it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)ceu+: 4hz6ys f?

  What would be the wavelengths ofyxz id1(tz*x4 the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, and * z14ytzx(ixnihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following react jq/ffdp)*tr 9ions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explp*) fdqft/j9r ain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic eb(:l cqve( rz)c-j2trnergy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic qp3/g0 kngm-mq ssw6)energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the pkiu 3t+-;ky+vf lwe-energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o(q u 6*rjsh -anior u:* lozu6l1syg6/f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of k47hgz*ucya 2 s,oy zp+y9l w;the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or edre;pzc. 6ze,a( hxmz19ng- c8s6rs uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? Forvv2px17/z0h zt,fdl n those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violz0 7dvxvtnz 1 hl/,f2pated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations thatjsx s6*w+ez) f can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) sszj ) 6+e*fwxa $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinationsvtt d;fn+c 1i(u u56wo produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to*xghm*2rzj er 9 l*q)f produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fi1cwv;*gig3 yj)qt w(wx : mj3or the reactioni* wv;mg3qx g(jcw3y:)iwtj 1 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reaction) v8nikyvfo6k0wp z 1(n(iib8 $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic en ey0g:xhshv59aj (u 4s2au. riergy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength?. gh5(eaau2iy9rs jv4sh:u0x
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with mn k-5flwnni/+lh- 7ig h /fz1an energy of 150 GeV. Inikni glz w-h/l/fh75n +mf1-f they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron andu(1 fe e3p.yvnihilate each 13ef yud( pe.vother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactionb-epcme* q vsx0d 8;+j could they occux-j e s0c+bmv dp8;eq*r? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and b yyf7p5azwfb4mj)sv m jh;r-t73 ef50y what interaction could they oc5hvmyw3jr 5 p-tzf0a7 f) jf7y ;bs4mecur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for ajvr (kq:5/6 eh4jvnhf $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the elect*)fe 3cwijf:c roweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, j9 (qi9sf9 6 sacs/wzdfor producing a pion.s wd/99(acj z6sfqi9s $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for thewzjwhpj;(;e );cr ; me rt8q)k reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in acad15bj0em xdf 1l8(se , 7kcc water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate 3ovqz/jo/vh yt7tf7 : each other at rest and produce two pions, jto7 thv/z73 fv qoy/:$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unific zi90;y,-l hs*m uxcvcation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table(ncp7w.vz g(j, rwc6k 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions?(pr n z(cg,7.wv wjkc6 $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle au7m/mq-u-m o1)9r.p lj jcysin the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe k q*qsorx6k)- the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed ob y,p2y(bz7dof light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?