Give a reaction between two c,k ;a6g)9apg aohq*52zr ndv;vl bh, nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a *g v 2v; 9rh5lb,6cqo hadnp;ka) g,za$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much -7 wth7;y1au6tr 6qzdh2qn /be nt *zt03bqwrgreater than ittuthr /hq0b7n waqz dt n b*3r-;qz6ey2 61t7ws rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," madex6 -nh0yxvvbj: ilq4/ up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atol i6h0 yv :j-nqx/bx4vms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay sigb z7p8o7dl* xqnals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino amonl/z+w3oklt9 m1 ksf*rg the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction prol 3km/z+k9sw*r1of t lduce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron yloq2n6 .fw 4alt i 4umkfqxlh/;20q-decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of luq f-o4l;4t 0 a.m2qwnfq6y lh2/ ikxits decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetve 0wb(n imuk1-g) p7fic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A pru0e)-( v wginfkm1p7 boton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decaytao3u jxqjnlc-h35wav* 0-+xs in Tablexo-0x3wj a n-vt3lqa+ hcj5u* 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32vo1(ym9 /llzy -2 occur via the electromagnetic interactioly l/(o91m zvyn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 fh:y (h 2 svo+32ckblftvi2md f0p ,nygc,2i7occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and f -xofo. +7wtlwhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decoy +8mhdhi 1t5ays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction ohhdm+58i1ty?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by thebw;v f7 5-obyy weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was masslv7: dxj0 ymer-(gvk a8ess, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak frx 7yg8-:(0vjd aemvkorce. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle ohlj 4axz;q l5a:97s uto be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quaggq(0 t3eprt 5ntum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiqugr3p gt(e05qtarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside thayoc2 w t ql3:(k4:smfe nucleus?kwt 3ymfo(:q a24cs :l

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy ;+ka9 own( achy)0 gcxis 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of: :nmc+cc cmq70akq y*-+htic 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used inos pu m p3rn)cn*m1v96k2eyd 9 a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one completeah g7 lg2b3zmp(p6iq* revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab a( ap37q l6m2gg*b hpziccelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exam fdupl8z+7tm+6bb vi( ple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-Me+z -2,ao *gsf rh o-f;mmux(yu5jr3lwV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size*(5o jfz,wmxu + m f-3h-luso;yga2 rr of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How mz0snzk+0bsk+ rk)avp ji17f eol1yd99/mjw 0any revolutions do protons makw+0 prz kyk 7k)zb+ 9fonsv1i9/0 ea0d1jml sje to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength p,qv/ az2;vdc3o myuh6q6 ys1 ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons (wf et 3(kp1rqkzzg+ +k 1+pi:u$^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house t6nch cl 9:lft e.bg3:khe magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7e:nk.cllbch6 fg:9 3t.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Teva*yq. f5os (yvktron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (*y5vkq .(sf yoYou can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a 9+a/uqw5o w0w*)3b r zi bunitparticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilabbnk +/xhti2 rksc(82 m synchrotron 8bhrn2ms/tx( k ci k2+for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in 1kx0cl iy0gx6 the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is 3e.z23ght wgm9djep j/f 2ke )released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to producedc fm9j2 pbl4wx2, hu( a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the stronwo6f/ cqdv-;a g force if the mediating particle were the kaon insteaqc;aw6 f dv-o/d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading -e:2 dss 5pgy8 fqpo8uqo+c4xtoward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetixd2f4+:-ge 58qpspy sq c o8ouc energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energ:7rhe t.,jhax 1n a7hky must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collih 1ak.rh jah:xn7t,e7de, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force :l8 txyc v.,yhwzx-td b;ox0kw(tc3oo z1p0(using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z pa3 p:td .wob-(ly xtzwhx0(1;o8kz,cv0c xtoyrticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the t.g/zyf(vxc0gciojre:m g2 9xd6*3l qwo photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate? eglj3 idxxc*6r zoqg:f9/ ymg.c(v02 $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossibq r.y0-qu qnwz9*/(hqjgwso )le for an isolated electron to ()sow0zq 9qgn.uwyq*r hjq/-radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when0y1v+ 7tlj g1nz:m5n fhl0nkz an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of0 vynl5 nk+f 1g 1lnzm7h0z:jt kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions an)7 p/ dg:yifaad decays are possible? For those forbidden, explainy/)fdgpia 7 a: what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the7tp *:ehh()jnypa.y msh nsr c 9+hx(5 two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrongws/ ui*lurw,4ss( ;y in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate cp d7e 3kw9*sl,u: etathe energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thngc tn;32ce ii57pyrm7;c ajx7z )g(je $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thgym spg.nv6. +/,x cv 4qtaq6ye $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertaintycb0 r0bl)z)9hc0sqc a) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For tuc-bb vfsaln3wd4k1(7 x.f ntoj4-( those that are forbidden, explain which laws ar3sc4 vbna- 71-fnljtkxbd( o(w4u. tfe violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutru89o.zqtg 5x mon, ( mt8ozx uq95.gc) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: 4 amkb.y) wl.s(a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinufwjm * h, uxlvy)e)j:t-ej,0ation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fi:*nlhweqczz )27rwc:g. Below) for the reactionrwn lz2:cqz* ehc)7:w $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fo1rsu k),v,y2i .ncterr the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic esu5e;gyb:v 2 dnergy is 25 GeV? What is its wave:b y5se; 2uvdglength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the :b r hhtij8a03px1f2z1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and 0 23b:r1tfjpzhaxh8 iapproximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron r49nunyndc/3s1+lm tk l(g q +and a positron annihilate each othrnck3yqst/(+n+d 4 1llnm 9guer? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, tlg pwdc;79m4 and by what interaction could theyw;g tm4d l9p7c occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction co:s5-r4)w j mn3svoccz uld they occur? For those forbidden,ozw)c5m3 j4v -nc:ssr explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a pw(3.f ocjk8g $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theor6 z0hi,m(k1pk mj1graqo gp. 5y at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, bct5+1nhetq.for producing a pion. ebt +.5c1 thnq $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for l3+ 9u1u2qrzu;ql xcz;dbvn2 ( 9oztlthe reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water moleewt6r2 vb)t,f,a9 nc ycule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annl:4 roa6dde32 :yxmy h/e 4rm vrs28zbihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, ozdm e 8asb3:r2 4yr4r:e /dhyv2l 6mx$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificptn95g )e pfn;n/dz- gation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terti wa3.z bgm+ei9y(*rms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on ave+(mwt9.bi3 ge zir*a yrage, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions.6k8(3rgm(vpkq8bqs r
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descij swv, 7m2ys*h1e x axps7z 3b;e4fd*ribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spee5c:g,w;kyj p yb t/6vtd of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?