Give a reaction betweoquzvc) se-7sp86 cdv+ m1*l len two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a v-c 68se) d1 uozcp7qllvms+*$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high spee(r/0o scea -a to;1utjd, so that its kinetic energy is much greater th /oo;a- (e0truact s1jan its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatomaz h/fmufr:r2 7p +f-yvh0i-zh; oah:," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? Wha:7fa2vri- h zr;zuy oa:+m/hh-hpf0f t might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a deca8w+q0 a jxxvp.1ry/y gy signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle qoddve7 i*-c6necessarily mean that the decay occurs via thee 6dv7cq*io -d weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron rvnw**ji 5go7u j 1(7-y,;b a3rxm9ecraadwp decays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay produ,3rarg9*y o1p7vi u7dj b*rwjxa;e mcn w( a-5cts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (ste d2bse m)(wz8rong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton(2zbdm we8se )?

Check that charge and g4 u3 qbs iqw47yw:r fov8lf-ee0 hp6;baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32o 0:y e rq7hqwb3-68i4ef4pul;wgv fs-2.

Which of the particle deu evkxo d7r07f(87lj ycays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactir 7x0(7ej8u ol7 fdkyvon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interacti6rtoh- mdh,x2 on?

By what interaction, and why, does mlcb :u/gplkb6s30ro9rkg3 mn/y 7s; $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays i3m+hvn/-bj i (cog-zmn Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interac/mg( j+min3-b zv-ochtion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interacti7vomg p/,-0+ wuysoyt on?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinoletf:: +ue3 g+alqupeg5 eik:0el" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feg 5ueul0k ee:a3q:+egp+l i:fel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a p v8hlq.sd6gi+4ey:p (wxy0kc article to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possi y+ltj(aa,f9vl-lk: gtuow.d7+ npp /ble to find particlekva (p/l+f tydgo9t:up-lw j7 l,.na +s made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they ar a q07)jm(thuve free but not when they are inside the nucleus0athq( mvj )7u?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy y3yr7 i.8lz obkkj07j of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E = wgm::w 6rz/*ee/s3f:e jyt mm   $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic /rthey3i oo6: j:8cnzb 9 wgg3field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy pt;pr0p ol-ue2z4*yb; gq np;aroton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilpn *r2apg;oblzteu;- q04p y;ab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron al92g ghtjm(dziu 008of Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha t( q*vmtpo,pt r/2yftw8p//h particles or 30-Metwq2,f/ thp( vptm8t ryo/p */V protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotme 65ryghy euz-9qg2.rd1 l 5qron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach ahq5m1 euqredrzy5l9-yg 2g6. kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengtetg ki:ma4c,duc ,ry.l 76v4 th ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 7lrf6 cowjb /(:br(mu1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Larpqxh m/a juv7 *:);nggge Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnet*n 7h;uq/p vaxg gj)m:ic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring ;prcvk m.cq** the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assrpck .vqm**c ;ume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energyh5*wt np ls/6b of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is n70zib1sw i/cq eeded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proz70 s/ibci 1wqtons? B =    T

  How much energy is releastt/w 4+l: egiaed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released w y2gflkguk6ni x/v*o/3 eup( ts;e9h1hen a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requir)kp/7 vbin ,rkl l d8k6u/4jbwed to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong forc/t:i,,w 7io m6kxutcce if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pi :t,wi,m u6/icoctk x7on. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with eq dc+smsiw7 ) ge41;b -2zrzjlxual speeds. What minimum kinetic e-s2js gix4ecdm;zb l1z+ r7)w nergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each hav+o7 u6 jkp;bwae if they are traveling at the samepbk+ ; au6ow7j speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak fu-;,z+v )nfbayld*m torce using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as abot *m+n-)bfdl vy,z; auut 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two pip7. ji31 e j4oej54 kz0irzuzhotons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilpi7er3 jj4iui5e k o1.z04zjzate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy6g72w8h pph awho9vo 9, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single ppw9a gpo9hh w28v6h7o hoton. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a4z,-hwq1-sq. yzet r ef1)q rsn electron and a positron, e,zq4 zy f)r.rq s1ete --hsw1qach with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbi qhm.f(q/n: scdden, explain what laws are viol:qhcfqm.(/sn ated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the rl kkslf gu0r-akw5c42q8 *h,decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of t 34vlfvkhym 7o:ns(+bhe electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate8jjp dil(7 . 3gyu,nnf the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the a rhw1see*rb07jvm9r-gn 1o5,z (s/gxs5flk$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o lcejdhwr2i,z.7o9 ti nb ,2u0f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty1.kl+5zp w0aha i f(jfp j9ym,) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are pos jp/ogiz -m/+jsible? For those that are forbidden, explain wpz-m+j//o j gihich laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinati32jj;9 y thojxons that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, 9jt xo;yj32h j(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations pro3hywt,wed c) ,duce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark cole w , 1 ly(h5ueoi+lq(ztb(.tal 10kombination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman dialdkh .m;pmb: *r;9yk+x8 wracgram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction*k;; dh8 r+ wlyxrpa b:k.m9cm $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for thei 8.loofpv q2 afi1y;* reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a protonvf8jn4mll5c5zi 1b2 n whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? bjc8v mif45nz 1nl l25
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0cb5+q2,*z aheu;rx;c wen+fq -km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are acceleratedc a*eq;xb;qh+,cze2w5 n+u fr by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a ejw x861 qxn+za499 -diestwupositron annihilate each otherzae96+84wsx t x-e1 i9qujwdn? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interacawf+:gm,mcpn6 rt2u7 .e ycm .tion could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. 6fw2cm p+. cny mm r:,g7ta.ue
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are poss- m7fa uhu0tc*;q 2fxmwb2i63q bzv*wible, and by what interaction could they occur-7 f2q w3 6*mmb i uv0q2*xzwhft;cabu? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a syvh 1-tap7rkhx) 31j4vb:b9j9p xu d$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the el lsn2jkj/bx;2 ectroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-valub;o60hszwjlh0 0 hf 1jsu d0a(e for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. 0w d610slz sh0fjuh oh(a0;jb $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for:ncqu wo *)lp3 the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a /nskae,.5 ybm water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihibcu)g/g2k 5ba w+vz:e(9uv e elate each other at rest and produce two pions, 29/w vvg b ae:( buuc5e)g+zek$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called n,g5zfbcffi pwqp q*,,dt)/7unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of properdnpyr e;da01p.+ nng/ time, measured in a reference frame where the particle;pe nyag0/r1ddn n+.p is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particy8n xl4t9+ hvgnq c;7+ ey,splle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactionhjx iyar)/vn:2q*s u. $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light 0ubt c : j-yhffq5m;e0n/5qhn $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?