Give a reaction between two nucleonstp ol6pc)w54o , similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a 5woclt6p p)4o$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic 3rg q+gsz3x:f energy is much greater than its rest esr:3gzgq+x3 fnergy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the )g-jbt ce1xop9.)op/fzais :az p4q- antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal c)/1 pb eqtf)o: ia-zp9ojg p as4-z.xworld of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the el7wz1hu1 i09pl dglkd(ectromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle neces6wow ms ld0i+,sarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all ,+wim 0lsdo6w decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even tez.iq l:03cuxce 1o n1hough the neutron and one of its decn3.luqi1c cz0e:oxe 1 ay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four intej2ydg (8 -hbleractions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? 8 2b jhl-yegd(A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are c*r16 ddc /4nrzi 18nphfb5p pnonserved in each of the decays in Table 32- b/z di5p1r1pnpf n d8*6rn4hc2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via t99 uhwhsr2 qeexu, 6dfo go-8*he electromagnetic interactiws26 o8,gfuedqher-*9 hux 9oon?

Which of the particle de7yxsi-kj*i f w.as-l:cays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, d)zmv 80nzvu rre p5ww*+9)y xcoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via zabo i hr;( (d6 3n /us:dbkcxrkb08s9the electromagnetic interactiorz;/:oddkan9r6i( c hk b(3x ubbs8s0n?

Which of the particle decays in Table ;z5vb et wr76f32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color cha g.. y+rxgvtg0xlu0hg5 )txf9iqe;p+rge or electrical charge, and did not feel5gugfy 0 hr.+gx pittqxx+;g e.v)09l the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a parth.;eh3k5bgqug(m q0 vx*:emn t0dw/yicle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamic lwuc)bt+2xf,hc +zl*s, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about xt2 h*u),+lwczb+ clftwo quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when tj27kraawy -b))- p xxohey are inside the nucleus? x2-aor-7xyak ))jbpw

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kineticf o0+2cx2 wiy uhazgw - 0-7er5awyq+m energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV n(vqs9yt ;ovq)at 7k:electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magne.y7w -(ayewd)ekgli/c pqi; 6tic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energyj 2k4h6i8in(: lfj qos proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermii26n qhl8s:jo(jikf4 lab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 aculc :dh( ow4u7celerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleufg,klv kmm5( ;s: 30-MeV alpha particles or 3m ,vg;ml 5(kkf0-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotronqqo7eb0f(1rf wudf+6 is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energ 7bq 0durw+e f61qff(oy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthdvn)i(z( 3v/6ry vir x ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius o.lzktl+ei8bkd2fkpe:hi z /)p- z7 6rf 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets foj1xy122b (kwl(bp ksar the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 (jlwsp2kb1 b1y 2k(x aTeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring thej aqdm:;f95 i ke,.lr-d.qvsh energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1kdi: .59efv,r-.j hsqqlm ; ad.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charge jrk (z 1sp9n qz9ggt+2$e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.h qut21tvi8r3eft6)s 0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV pts i2uhv r tf6teq8)13rotons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the de+pp ; t r7 lglu(uic5/gyj85whcay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy i8a5h(i7r d jxos released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is reqnt0ylot8 w+ w.uired to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of th:pz :o l/v,ckfw wc7;ae strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the fzcw:7a ;cw/,okvl :ppion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What minim:c bcul7xn y kaj.g8*km;,3vlum kinetic energy must each have if akl*xyck;bnjml 8.,:cau3v g7 $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have ifh2u d9nv;yli+ they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, c u 9ild;hv2yn+ollide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the maspb9c /fq tac0olc(3f5ses of the W and Z particles as abo5acf( loctcb30 qf /9put 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the a 9a9-p5(uui o65 zesdcrh3y:qvq8l utwo photons produced when a proton and antiproton at restzr5:v lu6aeu i9qd8 c sq3 5(ho-ayu9p annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energyp+kyn s u+u; 77cls)yn, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photo7)ylpk s+ nu+uyn;7cs n. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced wh5z2xn5u y.q+9nt :sfvhr *w xzen an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, a tv .x:z*n + 9sx2ywqnz5fhr5unnihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following 5lv :z3:vj.2u bfs+fs4y gs8 ylw0qwpreactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are v fy 2+jzwv53vlfbs0sl q4sw:g:y8up.iolated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products 6turaexw;h, (i)me0e in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in ttzi0f n69 j*syhe decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of t4z hcn5c+ fn1, /( vvvugtuos9he $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o r+r+so3sp:fb 3uuik5 mtm57of the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of t2fbw cod 91py-he $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or/ln( ik8adjas(7.f p.wqt9wt uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decayyf6/kcyz1n0 x jdf+4us are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are violatckz1d/6n4 0y jyfx+uf ed.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can v1 2i*ie7qvgy (yyti ji;drz );if;8jform (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (8ti jvv y7qjd(zi e1;;fi*2) y ryigi;c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a)bxt: z6)t oahvulcy9;2/fo f( $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce x6z76 mm3aykpkh ,6sx a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using q6 ocgn )vks/c grybj8* tu)24iuarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction )/)tvybcsgn4* i82cr6o k uj g$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagra oybb*wu ;k*w4m for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energbgp e)24uj;d5)kj.x7ex hdzws*q f i(y is 25 GeV? What is itsk d4fj( )z5;p *j7 guxs)hxie.2e wbqd wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected intg* v5so g/z.oio the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? dvgo.*5 gzso/i $\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron an;,ll. c(kdumnnihilate each other? c,l( l.;kn mud$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are j3/vgx . 7m fhj1awudi2* ;9htv gz1efpossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbiddg312w; . ah zm7jfh xive9tg v/*1jufden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possme5 ;x;q6l zzc ff80yyible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explai8ym ;yzxzfefl 06;cq5n why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for az 7xb )v1:)m+fqp.qyuub6bc o $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at about 7ro .f.r xaec-3:l,kxvlsm.dur i, y0$10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32- vnd 1a26v;/f)lrg mqckx*hr;4, for producing a pion. x2)h vvlac /f;qd*r;1k6ngm r$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the re: (vcas+fom -r +kpqgdv5vv*(action $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a 1dfcn)g,* zha water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate y ktru u3 -;1appi+o2heach other at rest and produce two pions, puuk-ha 3y+o1tr; p2 i$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-o5+vl6hng lgefu ns 8h(d:4k*called unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, meafn wef c y3jwp3.mv 5a4al:w+.ys a56lsured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be y6l.a4jfc w5e5yw nplaw3s3mva+ :.fas measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following p-n30:zcvakhp, 2d xkreactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reacrkin7e-z y ud9w0 on5p x:gs/6op vx01lw4f.ction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed ofp a,xs) p3+nar light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?