Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, th+.bk pe+. f7cqejh+ boat could produce a +cjobhb+k+ e7.ef .qp$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic enu.r mx )r/;uv;2 rklfsergy is much greater tha;rl2kr.mus) fru ;v x/n its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," b6rv*fb t*8 ximade up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normbb*fv6r * itx8al atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a d6zdoyo ( 8dv/1pugu * 82xchjaecay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino ai /mw6rvayd 14mong the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay6/v1 ri4a mwdy occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even t w59 /tyg0fs: xmlt7/t20 o xuemtzl*mhough the neutron and one of its decay products (proton: x2t7tugtl*/50te9om0x w l ymmfz/s) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitationakt*jo7,icq0 /ylua (ul) does an electronc,u(t0lq *i j7a/ ukoy take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and bwaakw.* 9fmlt7(:h wlaryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 3k7f9a*( t.w: lwhlawm2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Td0ywgt 8u8 )+pc:pf j5pd.ccbable 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?t .0p)p ujywfddc+bcg85:cp 8

Which of the particle decays in Tabb*9;jw*c* 4 0bl 0 vlk.cy e0ovsddaujle 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why75ick)p1wus iw0) gc g, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interzidqqrk29c qc g c.;,b ,zp98kwq30w jactig q;z,cikqcrq9z29w0bqcj8,.k3 p w don?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interac e-q65 fzwzne*tion?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no cowa4u mth4d70v1.j wa blor charge or electrical charge, and did notauj .dt7mvhb1a4 ww04 feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a par ya (;iv *tbbvb7- p0v5mzhs3:z.tcop ticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possibk;i0mw)s+ 7xhtv f:eaw7oeh kmei/91 le to find particles made up of i0sk/7wxw:o ia)mefmhhekt 1v7 e +;9two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are +7u nmiog8h* jep k+l9free but not when they are inside the nucleu l 7mo*e8 p+g9khiujn+s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6. -p1x 7ddn0iqp35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelen m.k5i k5(nctk8wczx:gth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in 1*y +5kd3 2hqkogw cxha cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution forbzhw8mt j,c( u(,+ nva a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T = 8,w (,nc+bthau(vjm z    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Evo..x7/lan rg.v44i)foo sn example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the n kncsd*(s1bwj juq,.: ucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Comparewd( *,qcj:n1.skjsb u each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyuk-ik /- .00 sukkvqsoclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kivqsuu/k.k00 -osi kk-netic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength mw :dn(oc7 zgi2)z:rn($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a rd6wz8n)r*ir nv kkv 1.adius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will bek6xe)hrzdf 96 o gi0t, used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be dgh6 6zr0i9 ,)extok frequired? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 sek9ac *o h+v6 nw,da7c+jl/uow conds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on eachon+clhu6 /a9k wwj+,a v d*o7c turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a pai9f *yg7ezt5d rticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotro5lx4fc/sp x3c z( vcx(2cmv a8n (x4c35 /vsx2xcazm8flpccv( for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in thzgfbaozy u) mx ) d/8wb-s:2 xaw(/zi7e decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whl3 u6:-c nvdrpen a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron6ca 0ln qy-z8-0c1ykxt; jbu)dyq *,6ijcori -antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating 8xt p yz0z.10/(oem9tpns+ eico)vldparticle were the kaon instead/08)cez.eydsx(z0o vmp n+ tp9 lit1o of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. Why4,e 1cw(4 xc7j.a /zns bqcsjat minimum kinetic energyjs/e sj7w14c 4(ya c,x.qzbnc must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two v6 a 4;+r nvcrxqacp7*neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and prod4 a* cvprcn6qx+7vr;auce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the mass jmu0g(mku8x6 es of the W and Z p0mgu jum86x(karticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photo b+/5txd lg9oek1z3hj ns produced when a proton and antiproton at re3/d 5lxj bh9otzk1+g est annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momer-d 3z:z6,qa:xvzkv + qpgd *zntum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend t+vzzv-dz,3q xp:gdza6:r*qk he photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced whenr-d.3vpgs.d y6g g2of an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic ov.g.3-fg g6y ddrp2senergy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? Fqbszj.kc(1olvfc /)n:n- w f0or those forbidden, explain what law)qlw s bnj(n1 cfk/fo 0cvz-:.s are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each skvl5-)m aeh 5of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kin2ypzd1- .yvbd(kv( zi)t5n0 jhb flr 9etic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate7*0pfemmz6.o9p+ pebga:f qtu 2op p. the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thqztraw;9s6* n 0:vegoe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oq79 1swoht)va f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) * xt9wi.jedw9w1n axd syu 99/fh-wg7of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? Foc:* fi8dn 5lhwr those that are forbidden, explain which laws ach*df8il :w n5re violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b)aqv)aty716 hjy9.rek s7 o0p n an antineutron, (c) h7nyo7p e.kj t16)r v0sy qa9aa $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations pr 9u+*9re-w l;rq -cbvp xwjlug/x3:nqoduce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combi1x*1n(z8hpp xq uwf5x nation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for z7g/xo8q0h cg the reaction qho gc780g z/x$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram v; n4*wld pti1v j99jxfor the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a protonl4wv 3kn)s) pm 1aus8j whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? ) 4v kpj8sls) 1nm3awu
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1 xez,(km6 )sw n*w3lal.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to rekm,lzw) *x3wl (ean6sach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released wheqfr 4(c:tb n)wn an electron and a positron annihilate each other? (rfc :4bwqt )n$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possibly, 7ouz t8 v0ddnmr5l.lii5da kug149e, and by what interaction could they occur? v zulo9 .g5kr1 8u 5 0lydiddnt4,m7iaFor those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction cour6,kxxgb01 /n 4n(yr9pj pu4rr bnnh1 ld they occur? For those forbidden, expla(n4/urx,rng n rb1nh pbky 46xr0j 9p1in why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a c 8 qyik(x85co$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweakrh6 )vz 5btml) theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pi pdmb1n.-lxvrbk*y u7u7y 4 6non.bpmux-yln7v*yn6r1db4k .7 u $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for ths1tgb* hxku3,ex, bj5e reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water may 4rkm2,zl a;olecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, df-tz:e w8l8cnh+e + o 8+led+w8nzfo-h:c t e$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-z m/0npa:3dkrcalled unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in ai(k 2.)e3or sxlw/mab reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisiox k(3a/imbrlso we ).2ns? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in tl-qphj )s8 u9ahe following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe ce k b)ga..znhy5;qhm5 4,e lethe reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of li2ra:r nnaic 1/2qi+z aght $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?