Give a reaction between two nucleon:4sh rvj*)p bbnih,) us, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a ,:)jhnrbs up)4bv *hi$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much .9 r2:gjpmh l +aoca6tgreater than its rest energyc:.hj6l a o tpa2m+r9g ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antipart*4d wwkh0 5 mpgjob3m:icles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matt0wp*mm wkdbj :h543o ger?

What particle in a decay signals the electabk o:7i blmw+ jm3+x ij10b-6w y;ddjromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products)wn0sw0. nb hp of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via tnhpwb0s.)w n0 he weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the wea08fd30zgr cuw 0za sg0k interaction even though the neutron and one of its g8z wad30u0rgf0s0zc decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagne 5w t2)d yagkd 1t i;qpbkp,;kbj*u)p9tic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A protot kakjpg;2i 5ykd db p*q,;9)1twupb)n?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decay(kqcg s 8ga+pi u0ru4l1-c,mps in Table 32-2. cg 0(4umc8lpusk+pi, gra 1-q

Which of the particle decays in Table2x;ux rjjns5i( syu* 7gq w 9+kf,kij, 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacj9(k*2i swxgrnux j 7+j5,i f;ys,uqk tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by g4 -1fuc t4*l-f udollthe weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why,wdx5j l4w 6:mweru1+(a x,qur does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the ele5uav2t 0a (yik6p-b;nj r6tou ctromagnetic interactibt20k 6vunjut5ar ;(i- y6op aon?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4ckxfaqo( / vqo -p1 wvm;:97-xm5gbqx occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind ol. j5*pbw6h;. zdbc/x6arvc of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this part.d.bhzojal; 6x5*crc bp v6/wicle even exists?

  Is it possible for a paua uwynzy46hxi9pp5g 306 0bl rticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum cvi6l hzk8 us8irm-9 0yvy*hs) hromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles myl-8sh)u9 s8m zvri 0hv ik6y*ade up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are inside the nu 8, ,zbc4h nwo:gf1iv/.bya00fbnzmv cleushaz/vb z8b,:c y 0fb0g,vmo4fwn1 ni .?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic en jlg6nhs ;.)2)slchjh /7 yioa;ga4mjergy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength l29a5 j0iffypm+ ;bt9kcp-z l of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in auumh)(*cz7p j0 yc4qa cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energywos33 ykpg7z9 proton in the 1.0-km-rad g97spk3ywz3 oius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exam k *efau78crv0ple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: vpjnj.v+ jltf-g2nnm m .-93w30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each ofv2j9 m+nj wlt-.m p-g vn3jfn. their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions g 1f2tkcog 3 5kc)nt-3tmkv b:do protons make to reach a kine ng tvt bk)k1c:2og5tf3k3 m-ctic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength ( b.h ),2y) lbij .m;8xiz:h ojvtgzhzo5(cin-$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.hh. .qc .+inty0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the yrov.6 l r;i8n*u j,kqLarge Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What may6j.,u rr*;v8qk ionl gnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds vz 4h* 13tf8r-d m(mj7r e 7bg/wfktvpto bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done oncekgz p7b wf-7jr mvhr4vt3f(m*td8/1 e per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (hpj ;vqh 874yhn4b:archarge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilabmmj:a87 r(y zww1dqbpzms)4x+ f z9v) synchrotron ford8p:m j7mrf1vq zwzsmwa 9y)(+) 4xzb 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the d,mr.b-ddh3h :qol 2qmm- ( iytecay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released wh5ok*pq i-kplqml y,8 67a +rleomp 08ven a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutro-quafvat g jua4;a,c0q o+) iupq+f7(n pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kar4mpy2pxgvjt 6/wudk :o7q :-on instead o4du6 tm:k:gy wppq2j7ovr-x/ f the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with eqv nhf *rl/y 6h0buy)3d6i jv)uual speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must eachlyr6y)/budvhnf6h0ju v*3 i) have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutr3 n) eln0o-/.pz 6xh9hwtjvpjons each have if they are traveling at the same speed towznhxl3eoj9.w 0p) -tvph6 n/ jard each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, give :iwmm q7(/ov,uhf)rli 6njz-7 fdz4 mn the masses of the W and Z particles as about r m4qihm 6md-) (vwu7ffl o/nz:i,zj780 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of th yil4 9ay.dcl0e two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilad ycl9yl0 4.iate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, thb-- hpvmt;hvjz 8r, .cat it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only .zvcbhjp8mr-; vh t,-a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the twoo, *2uiqpjg3m photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate hqi, up gm*o32jead on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reaction cab*xs6lx3 6ls and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. *6bc3 6xals lx
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of tcvlpv3l:4 x-y*di7otv( t b (r,a,uey*ydr 3j he two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electronp8lq; e7e6gtp in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of th qqhrg,6a8 p-w40xodne $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thcmh-be -s a3+:d naui5e $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the 5lrr 6/fqgg2w$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertavd,,hw 3zb n+xwymx a+d,l86winty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possibltsm2t4jjgng ry.m *)5k u.h/ze? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws at*njkru.)4 gsmth/5zjy.m g 2re violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a .)3atbne,fn9 ,ynoawneutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) an e),aw9.oay,n3 nt bf $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a)g7bgy.7ev*)lefres - $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combhhs;b),d +jhk/o;qd cination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fi9a -jyb:p *oqog. Below) for the reaction 9o -qpyj*:oba $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for th+xqvj0ddhj; j: n;iu/e reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 qx2az1d 7lyhl5/7yz eGeV? What is its wavelength?yle2yl7 7zdxz15q/ha
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron vzd6d(wu2 rk h)xj(qj; ljm-2 with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 Mqj(; 6wh)2m l-jdjxduvzrk2( V each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate2aedph0q; ho 7u9ckmw +: ko4n each other? cuea7 mk:4k p0 ;2+9noowdhq h$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interactxo;pvsux(7 edi/. 6aqion could they o(q a;px.ued7x6s v i/occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inter;vy(kk)l 5k5qv j-r wfaction could they occur? Ffwkjk r;5 y -lv)q(vk5or those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a ,l,5(,djk o*l,ojvxtwk c-x t$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at tbed m7wd02yyq:u: x10psr-tay z 7e.about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producini+mxtlfa*h5. g a pion. f5t aml+i*x h. $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the rfhxg( ibg tnr- -e0vwq2 osan9i 6xb-id:; s,/eaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in qo1 5mzw,mn,a a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, qp434bjti (kc bk4ti qcpj34 ($\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-c2 cf 90g29z rntqoiri3alled unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of propermk9r-9r p g8(c2rai zl time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be(zr9- ai 89clkp2rmrg as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions. d5*3ldp: c t 0lre2 f(2o4ajsj)ntc7t s c,khl
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reaction21kyq nqr4fi )*t qz z/bt7k2h,bd6 oe $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light xu1n;ppu 5hs 1$c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?