Give a reaction between two nucleons, simila:;snjy e ob0 of)f03kbr to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a )n j3;sy:eobbf0 o0f k$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speedu7j:r8h1xeqkrpx/:rfd2l f 1*m3k kh, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than i fr8lur:1h k17d2f pk :mj*3 rkxe/hxqts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made uptn.ewkc c 91nd v:a;jw:l j(e5 of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in connwjae lnv(k;w:95jccd:te1 .tact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interm 6ynvt e,.3qqaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay /8y)jg hzxa31hw9fl 6giko7 q products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays qgw/)6 xf ki3h1 jylg7a98ozhvia the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays v mfp1p)3q;ztvia the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are stro3pqm t)fp v;1zngly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, grbi5pg;xfbqxp4 z*id 9 m8mnwe/9s. 5y avitational) does an electron take part in?q b;x 5gn9m5 8 fem49ixbiw*.y/zdpsp A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conservvz:jqgbs4h/86c( bn yed in each of the decays in Tablegn:j(h8yz/6bbc q s4v 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Tabl*gcda:cu 0ni .k htcgavb4o9 0-4xt-ce 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interact0 *44tg cv -hgdc0xt:i9ab.n-ckcu aoion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the wea o,n :gs3gch ar8di4ig9 pd3s+k interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does (i a- zlc(plne5jzkm 7o33b8 l$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur vi6dkpi*cqrp0u z 8 2hoo mg7 +naz8et:w:(v4yna the electromagnetic interactiony4:zn*:2w0cnd7ekr+p o(t 8 8hquazmvpo 6i g ?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 y pqq, kvf37v6zig c2:occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinyl7uwy,7,w hr olet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical , l7wrhyy,uw7 charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for ax,nvgkq76xk3o sb;u* on /c0p particle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to f */bw5qqumeme ;7yh i; xea1u9ind particles made up of two yumb 5*7 q9eqe1 ihx;mwa e;u/quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are insiddoe l692ojn-jp 4/uwee the nucleu n-oje d ow4e29pu/6ljs?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose k2hbvi)lvij1hqu3wd qf*(;bbk (jy ,1inetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV ele/ 3xeg z;xa z3n,m/cedctrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotrak* p4t 64jkcezhejm;3hf ;0c9f0e aj on in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy protonl0 uqvd t/)ys4 in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator?)4lyu0 dqvst / T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 u k( l/peqdbu9vvs 0ytlm88,6accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details o(oph. i(yrwm5 .ul1a uf the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare r y(l5mpu..iw( o1 uaheach of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclfppg scaofj 7.:b/ (/cy2:rlfotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons makejfff2o./(7: c cyrasl g/b: pp to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength-nrv)ru-b k6 f ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate de c3nlc yiiw6f..dtz,4 b(*gucuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to hvr80xh6xe5fj8( ftt qouse the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for protxt8f8rqj65h0vefx t( on beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energielti0*a0u d7fm s of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assum0lui 0tf7m* ade that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (chfv /9wnjf 6+ 5pxo(vdiarge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab s/u8 5btadjfm+ ynchrotron for /uaf58+m dj tb1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is releasel ;1-fg qoom bzq4fwwvo8/2l8d in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whjx l3d1p mb8b.en a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antined lbk9 w+2*qlqutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the k umos; i3t32okaon instead of thkou;so 23mt3 ie pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. vkv5n,be, s6 vk usp:+What minimum kinetic energy must each have ipvnvu, , kse bv5k6:+sf a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must r4y m xr6,lcr5two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same sc4lr5 6r,rmyx peed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, m+fdr7 , 3usws4dz p,ogiven the masses of the W and Z particles as d ,ss7wfz d4 3+rup,omabout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and antipru*qmmepc2jiq(s g/t;r hj-0.oton at rest annihilat0;cj. hpq m2tu rm ji*e-q/(sge? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving mom)n gxrh;,33+zwiml vv0qr s w8entum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated el whr ;nvi )3rq0,smwv8+zxg3lectron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an elect yt3ba2 uihx g2tpp(;.ron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic enerphb2u xt;2(tp3gayi. gy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the followingjtscp,7p/tha:x x3l*k3vm 4kugn0qo(a a66b reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain 3(4q6g,:po* sk3 6x/aaap7vjtcbkt nm l0 hxu what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the r ,np fd7m7 u;vmz+rw9decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy ostz 50 z:6 aoh-ihloye58.zk qf the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width anh9ndb1-j o wbq)jk43 pd then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of tf0q2 op7-* pmj z (s-xb-.mcdmdw8c wwhe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of 9d5cl81l1h zx9wjz va the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertai zs*ujoo*0p; hy4 kwkzz6)uz;iv e6h 5nty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explaoakp, .t* 5kjgin which law5k gk*,.jt apos are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) a z;b*obz yz(dvd8l z+0n antineutron, 8zdl;y*bzdo+v b(zz0 (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (;h5ty7 yd0 h-j3pek dya) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination-2,qr8 s*n(cqnvk u bbth7l5bkn v)o p.g2q6i needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks ( yc-sidaept01ajz( r d)v61, xms/p i(as in Fig. Below) for the reaction p pz1rc/ )ix06d(ydsvji-m1a ea(st,$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for thjmuuw*9 r33e ie reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whos 0m r4.kra:rc)0xmhsp e kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its rsk)m r a:0xmp0c4r.h wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an en w5 o5)6pe.j kkovqnp9ergy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 M965e).njwkok5 pvp oq V each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron an .m) kw5hzh5emd a positron annihilate each oth). ehwmk5zm5h er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inteh yx -jp0 (9cxrf-dq-uraction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why9ycu q--pr-h0(jxfxd.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by whaq2xj4 3yq kuoap6q)6a t interaction could they occur? For those fk)aqq6qx ua4p6yj 3o 2orbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for an;w37.ojnc .imf.1z, dum9ecc( 8jkrmot*ou $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in th)gex4bo*bfl6fw ng6 1e electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 3sy4 h 9w9kvf)u2-4, for producing a pion. 4v9 swkhu yf)9 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the bc;y)4a yo:xjm : tt1zreaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a waesg7kuwvv fohq( 3d;(82 nb4 kter molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and prod h-sng4lru*k-1ou4e z z)ydq 0uce two pions, 1n-)uksh*4ueqzdr - lyzo40g$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called un(k8ml-jw4 lb9i csp +wification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of pomfd-4t7vzvef ,* k s*p7nl g9roper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long z*7olv tfn -,4vm7de9*sgfkp would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the folt)h752fnaqw j+ ju ju:lowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the read)/1zq kkwh h er;gv0.ction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light h6 lnlv4h3otn/pvq,d/6v z- q $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?