Give a reaction between two nrz,v2m(cv*c+a nte6 lucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a z+ vecl(2m ranv *,tc6$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at veriu s (cjg,xb0c(/w;cs6ogm r4y high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater th(gc umj60cxcs;rgo(/4s , biw an its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of 7r9jbd kgg+1onormal atoms,1okrgd j9+gb7 consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a do ;i*k3tgiy s ho9fr/tql(2m:b upu.,ecay signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a partig u1 e;fj2awc9cle necessarily mean that the d1ecg2u9w;j afecay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak inte8i .(foqlu4 ,9njij*jm jwh:i raction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (pr8h4jjmf* jnol( :i9 iqjw u.i,oton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electky y76xuytd 1-bk m/5xromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take partx51 my7 yuky/6 -dkbtx in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and bary4vzvocmq/ 6qg) q 5ca7eq52 *neszu:pon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.c:)gapqu57ez q4 vc/zvem6os 5q2n * q

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interac+akruicx rp67 ,5z0wzl- 7lb etli- z67 pu,zcea 0w75 lr+xbkrion?

Which of the particle deca-nts9t)zz x, hys in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, anhb/uj1bqmeka t 5.mm. 533x 1xuioxo(d why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle dect ek c/ nbw;j0,9(xcfxays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?b (0xkx;twn c/,cfj9e

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak ipxsy /g2pvzlt q mbm/,8+:e3u9fk ( jmnteraction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "nhb ,(cyz5vve ,eutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. yz,e h5( bv,cvCould you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a parvws36 rr i:b75sc fym(.j*+lm )etventicle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chr(6e:a7 phhn :rsh.eaj /jb u(comodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks?u(s6e:hhjrje7/hbp.(:ac n a What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decam8 +73iawa zhjy when they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus8 zmi+ aw7a3jh?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a protorbw-oi *uud 3.n whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elsymbh 77dqzy6(ayy 9za5ro5;ectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotro-l r;y y rh*u97 r)wmh(v 4hygdmjv0-en in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution x fg-(m6j a)dzle4h2 wicw a74for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-kmg (67z2-mc4w)wxai4e ald fj h-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exaja +s;9 2ih nfnq q0ixa)i,fz+mple 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha partiqq)gio55p(f bcles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each q q 5ogfpi5(b)of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron i 5abo -*pwnoxp 9*s/qss 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? xo*5*ssn9 a/p oq w-bp$\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng mjxp+e23aqz p2h b7yvxr6tzhl0/d l 83l3s:vth ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelera()va0e x)ceja 1 nmvf*te deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the- 0evt 5u;4a9 snsmhwo Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 T;hsw nu4sa50v-m eot9 eV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes abo0dse5,5kbkhh v :qz6k ut 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume qv6khk ,bdk 50:5zhe sthat the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a parpurk 7) m vhhv;rv(3w2ticle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1yme)wyrn9 ,0*h5eb6rmm v km, .0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proem0m ykrm bvy,*6rmewn, 5 h9)tons? B =    T

  How much energy is relea mowq-:bch6 4n;tx 6swsed in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasedxz*r, )su*;f s qayoc8 when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?i9u9jt2y vy,iydfj *7    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particleyek1o*nw7 h ),ycutto ,sb22 o were the kaon i1,ctheo )sw2y7kt* ouon2b,y nstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward d57pe-ai7 gvkeach other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy mustp5 -dvaeik77 g each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy mus j a+ci35s*76ypzph;wth c jy(t two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward 37syhy;p(tzj6iwc pj ca5+h* each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the ma/rf15tgls2 62b9 /mbgtpb rl isses of the W and Z particles as trb gmtbi 5r/g19p6l l2f/b s2about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the twoxy4i. gi3h zq*g4r 3qx photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate?q3ixgqir xgh43y 4z*. $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentu,w(l3 arbrdpx+. j:3dw+bsuv m and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated elecl.b3p3b,a (dsr +wvr+x w:ujd tron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelu-k8v av-kwg+ engths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic enerk-kw8g+ au-vv gy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible?y4v,0zyk vm ,u For those forbidden, explain whyvz,u,m0 vy k4at laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two productsi74b ffak6h 3o) uxa5b in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic e(02 a yijr) : bivgd1w.yjad:energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then th/vrst. 5d0kk 4knm/ehe lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of t5xs5ha g1o/8 nbwtln couj+34he $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the2rk/edapo5m hxa .r52gvmma,l o;7 x6 $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncegx)yw9 +ycbor(1 .o)v a k*rtmrtainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, exf45.bmk4tabb5zd f(ajmn g-jt7.r(- qmwpw4 plain which laws are violated. b7fgm4n5w-(wj. qt5 . a4k fd m4zrtabb-m jp(
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinx -hx*/p9wft0 2gjlgeations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a 2fet xj/ wlg0*g9ph-x $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do theycev,rfos*es r 7 t:smw5n9;8 following quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combiiz.9lqd3 gc o*nation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarvs;a1 ;fmx (ctb qnd;/ks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactionmvda x;nt1 f/c;q b(;s $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reaction hv6vvdr:58l y $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy bh9 d xp/dfn-lnr,0*aof a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is itshadp9lnnx* 0/ ,-rd fb wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab T95 pc*fv o6pw z1h,nqgevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeVo6q npzvp95w c*f1g, h? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releasex/ p8/uwj l;)u,kzwnh d when an electron and a positron annihilate each oth nxul,8/k h )jup;w/wzer? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inter1 (npsg(-l d:by1 f6g:iwvazsaction could they occur? yw1zvb(6g d :-l1 s:nsp ig(faFor those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possiupr/n vkgkm,*5 j i64la hzi /km6o(reu+ -6pbble, and by what interaction could theypr jlk6/eimu np(hzb4+ 5*i6a mkk /6v u,o-gr occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a x9 lu/.babv 1omg4b r3i;gph3$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak tuiekt.a9ayu46m +c): en dk ,yheory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reaction3qcu3(lgjj6df-1kv y1 z zyl-s, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.cjgvj3 u3lzd1-ylz k 1q-6( yf $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactmldip j: g+)4aion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a watergttlnig4 b* 1-w .jfwj9a j hxi521.al molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pionst1)owovb 2rv7, m sl- iq1ggu2*xcn w1, 1-wv 2ot,) uo g7s*qmrcnbwxvg21l1 i$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifi wbrr6 m(-xn cnxs.90zcation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in termjnhnmo(h0wb5x z0x59 s of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is n05hn (zj0 9bmhoxwx5at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactions cy8v 5gjf(- mqpo hi)dx5gha.35v6 er.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model 0za:fw 68gix (l2 orskto describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lighc;ymd ovy( ;ud8z*vf +t $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?