Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar,i ciqudbd,*75m3yply 8hbf/ to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a /u385 ,ypbihc ,bqd m7ily*d f$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving/x +kmr +c1iua at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater tha/rua+m+xi1c kn its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of ;y7a we- yk6enthe antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, yeyw ;kn6e- 7amade of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic1mr -6 cn7hnwc80yddodnt;; d interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a pgdmy voy:i2ul q eiw77v(c. 7)article necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the wea)e7qlwdm c7vvg (:oyyu.2i i7k interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even thotzy8b, g8+e mgugh the neutron and one of its decay productsgme +zgby8t, 8 (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong,nvzp k/4e z /sgm(3:gp electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A:n/zesp pmk43vgg(/z neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number o4 f,gn pn4grz; clz;8are conserved in each of the decays in Tablen;g, og44 lzr zf;n8cp 32-2.

Which of the particl;g5 zmzz+ vloc 6nu8q2e decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactionz5lgmczz8 u+62n;o vq?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interac6;,z.tou s(q-cd)vwv7 t b.; ebmblx+mpxhq1tion?

By what interaction, and w: u1jensak+..as5 a1kr0s czbhy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2t*j/c( ;1fr ) tma ahpzwv(my4 occur via the electromagnetic interact(;f(r/* jwhtmm aatpyczv 12) ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-fld ai))hrm834 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind off46yum7o7 +v znefzqs0 (eg5r "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle eve7zvuro6ns0e5+ yg4qfz ef 7(mn exists?

  Is it possible for a pa -5o6ko ylf5zwrticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to fr:d shqrpbu (1v*l0w5 oiq*x +ind particles made up of two quarks ando(* wsqhr0+p5vrqb1: u i*xdl no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when4t0e9+lo) k pz7dupxo they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?uo+09z tepdxo4 pk)l 7

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic et/rfb vm j.:2xnergy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. ;f)j09w. xtp04vpu1 hmpon wg (bg6uoE =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in whicw w-+xh)wzg e)h protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy h fvcoec.-ope 5,; ;bnsqe;h(n3vqpd/8dv8 f proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fer , .ev;e8dchsd8pbno q oc(/;h ;ev vqfn5fp-3milab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 acceleragn8ygecub6 ( (27kkrkted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha pf4g jnga2/kj1+/a ewe articles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.j+k2f e/g1/j 4 eaagnw  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many hga)isl1 af-4 revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energsi -g)4 haa1lfy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the waveleng,,h4uk +p k)wfisscn *th ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m 6qb c g)6k1cytv ywqma/ e-17yis to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to hoyj7os/h :n/z w3r+oc/)mcio guse the magnets for the Large Hadron Co gw/o /r)ihccno3/ms:+jyz o 7llider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermil14eex/fpg1txr- v4wd fy7l1 acuq/0zab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (wpez/aq414- x d7c/0ltv1f u1fxe yrgYou can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle ( erc--d8 h-jq7:ndyb od9od4gcharge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotrod;-pi:a1 hcn in for 1.0-TeV protons?:ihni -a ;p1dc B =    T

  How much energy is released vki l6d1ra02fin the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whs4de.wb)smu rs 6 6mk*hvf g,)en a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is require f4zzsffj)hd m57;ne)d to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the kb+obj 05s f2tstrong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instea j0kf sbb2to5+d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with+4rkdeh8sso iu89 2dxa v yr:8tm .1bxe7qc4v equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each havy82q4.rk usv h7d rc8e4ox:+1bsi9a mt d e8xve if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kineticfo3n thdg0)ut2ke g lt + 3m+*kyx/5no energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward ohln2/yft+ n3 dx05 ko g3t+u gek)*tmeach other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses ofaty bf 8-3/xzd xec7b -jg:vxtzhx16pen+ 3g7 the W and Z particles as about 80 to dz/8b -3x7 +t-xthxagyzgnce f3bpv6 : 1xej7$90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the waveleng/s o.zbm 7mmx-+juf 0bths of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton0/os-z7 ujmxb. fmm+b at rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum anzp. 7xda2pal l8n5 il8d energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a s n l8la.lp57 zdaxp28iingle photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photonz fyb 54k2qke5s produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic eneyk525 4kfbq zergy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reajixvc9znp4v5 de:m/zcpa, * j6o(x 3mctions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, e36m9m 5ev4oj/*cz ndzj ip,(: xcapvxxplain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of ejl9 p45epu zrpp7rf7ars bv+*j s-.x-ach of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of:72m0jea4 l 57s;bt6m ydseaxg x l4hh the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimatec/avo3k)g/npyt()jtu) r v*1f rkye7 the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o:wa fk5vq i42kf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of3lnlxehw.i n:6t-i/m the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of ;bu5)vh 9aj(7eqlk cu
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those tha:ma ld0.t 3drtt are forbidden, explain which lawm3 r.t0ltdd: as are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antinl7 z,ql/l e4kjlhx5q3eutron, (c,k/5l3x ljel q 4q7zlh) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the fol;iv 2 u0f+nulmo; a4w*cz: iktlowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed tob/beeqx9. , 2clqoz,j produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactio674*k r)6 (iqi zhynxkdpbf;an; iq(yk6nx f 74i6kdrzh* bp)a $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagrat1wpr1x; 50, dyewf czm for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kineticvd +ko74oiek,8x,h hxo2pvzqh5y2b 1 energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? byoo+hxdkv4qo7 evz 81ph,h,i5k 2 2x
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Te 1*nxaf q9h8zxvatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do theq*h 8na1fx 9zxy travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positra /x/5ajlgh b:on annihilate each ja/bl xh/5g a:other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and b z)o)z0w mbun9y what interaction could they )z0uwnmo)9zb occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following rea tp +f/c3yewd+j j6q2hctions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exdc 2t qfjjyew+ /h63+pplain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a z4b 3uj3jq 3lq9+dl mo$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory w,8u4lunzn8 dxn* u) 30wsjay at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the rea9o20+7f: nvb hiyqiwbctions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.bif 7b29+hqy w 0vo:ni $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for thzzctp4 .v7fh. ; 7pu)y6wfr(f0umalo e reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental ferv*+fpae .p: zzmions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprotox,3 bz da0l7fkn annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, alx fb,0 kz37d$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification dip(taw*x my;e)m 9(rt gstance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are iw* z/ cilqwc a0re;gyp2/v m*6n terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, hw zw0ac26lcv ; q*ip/g/re*myow long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following rek(1uhnsu /(6k bg yda:actions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the r9gd5q ozme, a,8 ynk0reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light c6a)joij h,4v $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?