Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could bxqn1essq(p0e27 s 3yproduce a bqpsq s3n10exye ( 2s7$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kineticomq ib6b*vs36 energy is much greater *6bvqibs3o m6 than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," mad zz+-xrlf1aq8zj*e4,t ompdfmi:9, ue up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our n zzef*zmmadt -lu,4o81 xi9:fjq pr,+ormal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interacti+gx9fk *d qouv7b/ tp- s4i4faon?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay productgs s3huu9gov63 d an4rh5yf4k x76t (ls of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interact(3u 5 na49xg6y u7lhskr4hotf63vdsgion produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction wy1soetne e)c7*w6-k even though the neutron and one of its decayw 1e6o*cs7) eytw-en k products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, elbtt 3p9ne zi3;1q9k fnectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron ;t f 9pt3kn1qzine 9b3take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decav2j ne6,f(gqrhg/oi( vd* ,koys in Table 32-2. 26 d*onj(fgi,vg ke(o ,rqv/h

Which of the particle decays in T//tq zxbqxr3*able 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacti3x tqr*q /xzb/on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 o b0*b2atwjqz f2c7px.ccur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, dorz0u-v0 j7fuotw ck(/ .5 mcqses $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electroaz mzv r1 tfkr*/ct)/5magnetic interaction?/*1fmt)/z vrcz art k5

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occuk3ccm0.a sz1 )fkbzm1r by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that u o*64*vzf19n- -pc73j tv/rsrveu;mupj gdywas massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force.9e6v y3 /g;jjupsrvru1c*u* oz7f p4 mntdv-- Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be siv 9f.ke0jqwy08b 0y both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particlevw +tzyr3j -ey0v wsl:c.5k *ls made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What az3vc0jlv.w: yrtle +5k* -w sybout two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when thijwy hk8rr p-x/a3-1cey are inside the nucleu -x akcyw3jirh r81-/ps?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a protzg799fe3ch sa on whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. Ed) z(u*/5vle: haltf kq)t7t o =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is usnom96 kv40 vdk** xklxed in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for oneo0t u1g7- qnmwllu(j + complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Ferm-wl7jqml0u ngto1 u(+ ilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accele i gd3hf6d-vi)rated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of thecux/ *2 xlc0ij nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-M /2 l*xucxicj0eV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees raq bi 8ltm8:;of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic enert b8;mi:r a8lqgy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (od :g *z bkr)u5:sl wfe2z+e/5(/xtf.heqwg n$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate x)p7hxz l;zo ;3l pra8deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be use ;u k9t5 0+hekq0vuzkzna 8v4og/m/nhd to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy g/5e ;k8hqv+n au 9 t n4/0hmzk0vuozk7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermi mnaikxa1pqi60 k ey))+i/ wgt e0pw3(lab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is dong(1w0ytqa)eiikp a xp63 mkne+ )0/iwe once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partr kx()v j2xjw0icle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab syncl xd jc;./hnl3hrotron for 1.0-TeV protonshj nx3 ;/cl.dl? B =    T

  How much energy is rxt(l+ kd )dnzj 62-cuep6 6khueleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is relea stai:l6xz8 e+sed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pair? fo; m:bhpox292 h k1sa cpg12w   MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particl rvm/ss )wfusq cgkk 8)3e(-a;e were the kaon instead of the pion. v/e-8qr 3fsgu)as;mc skwk( ) $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each othcom i0 crrdx sdqj8w7ycp2;n y48k)j - c,mq-5er with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic ene2cj,w4co di0 y; d5m78-mq-x8r qycrp sknjc)rgy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they arezkd:fiyluxmfrw+m 7 k-- my- ls*u7-+ traveling at the same speed toward each oth7y7-klzxf f slw- ++:* mkyimrd-u-muer, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the massex v)v (qh-nkca.3sul/ s of the W and Z particles as a/ l3nhxuk)vsvc(-.a q bout 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a protond wi8- u gir6 7smb)n6p+9yx8uas)qez and antiproton at rest annihilate? u x8z)ur9mdi6snyi8+wqgseab-7 6p ) $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is 5t*+ay14v+wq1 qpxnna3 wyf0n 3 shkzimpossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photo1z0yq+ 5n 4twpw1n 3 +nvkfxqsayh3* an. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of th7apl1zvzctrag2 8 6 e3e two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 42p2agzra z7tcev 6831 l0 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decavbs,0kv3 l8;(xqa-od6) (ifkgjue ydys are possible? For those forbidden, explkd;v(dqy xsb( 3- ,)vj8i6guea0fklo ain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two productb(xky *u8vmmv qlg u(x,cl7 3.s in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in ;;ve w wsn8w. t;y/ugvthe decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifea g +wv7sn/dg2wk+c+ 40npabjtime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oo/, mup2fi 6j:yhg-baf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the of,j tstsk+ozyj0 it ; 89d)r-$J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of*goyg-. esp5mga8;elgp +.t,grd9 yt
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the followingg+6y os8hn 4u7zmps /(gunw:u-x7ppz t2o5zs decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which laws are z2+6pzg8g 7x( /usnh os ppy7nm-5u4w:zt uosviolated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that caakd4j 35m7ujmz ib :7mn form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (ua7:47 jik5mm b3dzjm c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following qua+vxa(u 6)w grurk combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produ(r) /(lmzkr m a4zoxx(ce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using (7is5- ea)d4u.:p4r8:jwskjcvorf mgdk7 nr quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactionsds k ic)gnfpvd4ekjm7(7r-4a o:. r8wu rj:5 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reacmn-:ez 9vwm4 y3 h9pewtion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whos 4*sq-j qm)xtse kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its w x m*qs)jt-sq4avelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into thr8sl6dn/zfqb*h0 r .ce 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approzrc/bq*l8r.fn60h sd ximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilk8e lj4ru7n -2/ew .ggc+l psbate each blc. 2/g4g rek+n7u- wslj8ep other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction ;wx3g) l,8 ck dl/y8 s:5qhmfa cix4tjcould they occur? For those forbidc/)sf8; xy8dkqli3tmcx gal 4w,j5h:den, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by wn gx9xp7x:*jw hat interaction could they occur? For those forbxgwn97*:j xxp idden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 3ni,6h mz;fvtr v oincx9c )(5$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at about cgump5d 21ys8$10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions,oys*iuz .rp.07sez c2 :uv0m j5rn6qv Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.p5n6*7r i uv. eq.ozysv :mjzsruc200 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for th+. gx4yhiq lj5e reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermioddc.qcl +ec86uso9rz-it1py *l/g k,ns are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produ9h-1 qhdkxz7j5dh9e h ce two pions, 7915d jhq -k h9exhhzd$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance of -vb1dqxf p+- -nsk0 gc$10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed 1hqefyos 9s t*jt6h0mtbf386in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV,*8to 1y tf3f hhb0 t6qsem96sj how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing partio i ufrb(( b;t* :i2ycv3-vxnlcle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reau sgd:u6n07bla z. io.s0x9xpction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light 4et;b/f 1 (uzsr/ ktxo$c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?