Give a reaction between two nucleons, similx qre. rfh0; gv8np.ln-uorf1bqb8-: ar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a b h-;vrnf. 8 eb:.08qf rp1uxog-qrnl$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is i1 5bg)bpw jv.0c: /mf kp8k8g6 :8nmqidpbcfmuch greater than its restwc8b/ggcq : 16)fp.in k5 mjkiv08fd pb :p8mb energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the co )g+d 6hcvm0lunstituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world ofm0h cd)u l6g+v matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interactionth eub6 )ratw9:vwdf6s *t uem/ 9e;*o?

Does the presence of a neutrino wc)6 buqll;+c*s ; dgyh:syo.among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a negh;dy*6 .o+s l; ylc)w ubsqc:utrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron dec3fo2w* biwt -n*gka3a50vtz qays via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strb*5nt wa *w2tfvz3og -i 0q3akongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, graa*qf *o g6h1lr r1(mam67 yopyvitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?qm7*fhy1g6o1 (*o lrpm6ar ay

Check that charge and baryon number aruxhc.j 15e+w 3ekx-ore conserved in each of the decays in Table 3xc- xk+o15ue3jrwh e.2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur viahy9x,f 7han 6v*a*bvk the electromagnetic interac afh,*y6nbh 7x 9*kvvation?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occ 0 ly5w)w.n vup6c71y- adpusour by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, ate /-qx(b sum8nd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromag nu3wb.7 2lemnph- m/lnetic interactl lb-whm37.un/ 2ep mnion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interactipg y0ulw+jgm cjx :39p1 px*:jon?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color char) ao*+uj-psz 42(yov/xiwc grge or electrical charge-gw +ix4oav2cu/)*ys j po rz(, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a s.yvt ; nw /(uu2xgfwi:r.tc xy9r:s ;particle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodyj2enhv0tcio /uf;/d ( namics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks/v(cjuit0ne /2hodf; and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are cat ;/ds-kvq*.wz: qb dbw2h6 e3bcs1 free but not when they are inside the nucleus?vb 1aq2d sz.qcw/b3-*kdtc 6: beh;ws

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energyhik;2d g+1bo y of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons.qnpogklt.,m 3/o a 4zp4f1u0i E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotr+,ik yu):7 qxe zlzaaj+d2u j8ldl7v7 on in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one compl+ket57v4pyzhafj9 j, ete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acc4k75y tf9j,apz+he jvelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron o-5ykrb ,p hl-ef Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30(o jrf6 s: n)1jl audx6q,j2zw-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV proton x(n1sf , j:a6wjjur)2 dlozq6s? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutionswdv + bu 9:m*8iy,glyo do protons make * myvw +8oi9lbd,u yg:to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (+:vwy c*oid n5$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deut+otir3y t k2c5erons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tuz- f9zeehrr+8nnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy zzr- e 9rf8h+e7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the en:iogv os:2mxg/ (,m6ku h*kc6co l t;iergies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of tgsoml *6 i6t2ouc x;:v:cokhm /gi,k (he protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particlw:azoqw ea5bz 38ds 94hn i*g sm--9one (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchro* -:ldeothw5d s,z4 pztron fzhsdz* 4dwp- leo5, t:or 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is re na3;/jwby70u o4fwg wleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasm* rkn11nm:o ned when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineul+kh 5)s (vy1wl 7seiatron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon iv/- npzgz f,;4dgx5sjns;g4fdn z, v /jpz5-sxgtead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each othed*bh:8oqpn4 id0p7i br with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have8 dqi ph b4n0o*bpid:7 if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons xj75dp+/g;0jr pi0t 8nsrx uey wee:fyr)+l6 each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a 5jy e:ie;u xd6/rg0)t sry78+xnr0lj+pw e pf $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, gi1vl addk;r lh c:0.rx1f1l xs:ven the masses of the W and Z particles .1kcl; vlsdlda1h ::rf1xrx0as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a kci*2 0 d3nwuww)o dxtq; ;*esproton and antiproton at rest ant;x*;)2dcen ww0q*3 id kswu onihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that *45a2g +fqdj k 3fzrghit is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon+fh ak43j*qg rdfz g52. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons producew 71rfni/dh d0d;nlgb )b9 2wkd when an electron and a positron, each 9dhdnw /f)1;gk 0wbi7b2nrl dwith 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following react, sk9px( lig9tions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws,il( s 9g9ktxp are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic ,it.l 7d+v*cvqy9 kuq energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the de:qc4(t 9x hjhncay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and th2*m8mj; kjjwhen the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o gwk8dyj3 (35im/ pyncf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of k7hw nl8 rarb*3t;6grthe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of .1wyoegyg2p +l6q(pryx xeq b43s) w0
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are foruumh (8(/x;l6j rwirp bidden, explain which laws a ;/hlj6 r8rmpu( ix(wure violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a*9r /g rhj xubd9i9s)e neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c))hg9j ibrxu9 r e9s/d* a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: u*ri-.z;yu-hj/ 9 eabhw,n jq(a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce aeykcl4zr23w) 6gd7 u c $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Bf zumc 0qumu3a- h)x.;xqh/ 4below) for the reaction ;x3q zmx-qfc0uubh a 4m/)uh .$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the )ay7+1xwoz g6zzcl*t ah ,q9treaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic eneuca5 4aw/u-ti;uw g:m lzpf)1rgy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength54lai wgw)m1apu- ;u/ ftzc:u?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-rad6d( ml vhurdp)oifg-)g +xrrb-d58)tius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do thrg i6r)t)pb ud+g8 dhfv-d r(xo)m l5-ey travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releas - )ie/p+3;kginv5xmzv k5)du irp-s ded when an electron and a positron annihilate each oth)+mux-dkz)edi -/i535grvk;vp nisp er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what io kkof1-if-fl3a6cg0an 6)wwnteraction could they occur? For those forbidden, explaig afa)lkkf013 66oi o- fwwcn-n why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are po klqy9h- pju :mgdv66,ssible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those fhvgqy-6 :j9mk ld6,uporbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 8h*alek+ bmf 0tj -dm 3*ziszjh;y)m7 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory an tedfi vn0p087iy.o*t about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, fo,tgh ,t8 cwzttni y-5:r producing a pion. wi,:t-n 85hzgyt,tt c $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuxf; ga)iu l0f/xq6-hxe for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are d/h/brr9of 4;jc ntk3there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiprfx bv.*df6 i 67ts bbco8d6si8oton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, os.8bbv8t df di6f 6b7ix6* sc$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance ofy:bfly0f0 qv ; $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 ar -wat ugw9)/gte in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 Mut -9wwa/g)t geV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the followinrlcjj, 3 wq0 h+m99upfg reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the rea ,snmv4a hnru*-uv1x4 7/tml action $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the-2) ceqdoyvpmv0s/t9 speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?