Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. ge1p, ukg)h4z5opu1o 32-4, that could produce a o1h1gp 4ue),k5puogz $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic e*wv p.mn5,jou d0 -ixpmw/n :gnergy is much greater than iu5m ,-/n wn*vowi0mjd.ppx g:ts rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," +,n .1npi qcslm 3ly3gmade up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our noricl 3.+n3q,1l mgny spmal world of matter?

What particle in a decapgel9g5u .btr)kdd0v;6p7dg y signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle nrhd uf47,zj.;z jh,utecessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays v,d;ru h7jzuzht 4.j f,ia the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction evenl0xw3v8t qvv2 cl zerp.rz 801ez+0 mx though the neutron and one of its drllr82 qptv+0 .1e0m xez0v z wcvx38zecay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnengvr:c/o* f;avatil.hz4+ v*tic, weak, gravitational) does an ele4zr.h:cvala vt;+v* g nof *i/ctron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are coyaj0t7/ ev6 qwv(.tvo+t0(5j yrgxv q nserved in each of the decays in Table 32-26trv(o 0yqq7ev a0xv5.tj/ ygv+(t wj .

Which of the particle decays in Tab(xxyqfag1+r o sp.;.gh-, gbale 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction.fqybh+ga .g , oxp1a-s;x( gr?

Which of the particleri-jl l4py r 6*:7mitc decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does m ldzje rcvg *.8.:re5g6uk /z$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32l42howvt9wg 108ro dr-4 occur via the electromagnetic interaction02o1r dw9gvwrloh 8 t4?

Which of the particle de.3 ca3 ia1xrdvcays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was mass::ounrbn 53w t;+obuie. );,ejjjmo pless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Couldr 3e t:)miju.:+u 5 njb;nweoob;ojp, you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle p1yuzgmbaf26.tyka + -ak u8(to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chw,7is d2h-arfs(q i :aromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up o2sa -h7is ai fwr:(qd,f two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay whe:n*zzf7aq r4udw 4y:f n they are free but not when they are inside the nucleu fd:awyz rzq4*7un :f4s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proz+ xw8 7*bdu,msm *ofston whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeVlo-7v87k29huq rn i)erf1 wz c electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons mo(s gij5ics+ 7ake $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete 6 w8c,hjd ;h kplcf t.v10 zy/,l5xkxwrevolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acceleratok 680xjcv /,fw.wl cty ;dhx1,5zkp lhr? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exampleyweaboo 48vc*a l 3jy h0k dj v8y.rcr7;-*)xl 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the n7x9nidk:q 1 lzucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavel zn:dikx q971lengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cycl-(x0 ysq x-ihdotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV(xdiq s-h-y x0? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengti) 3auqj84 kjxi12ggj+dt u3bss3uk 1h ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is w35y r4amsygnc02ai .mq67imto accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel zzej+m.f ad79that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will f9ajmzde z+ .7be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilx 1skyj m ldcz.g://no-j6p8m ab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done onc //oxdgsmjy nm1:pj6-l8z.cke per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charg0j 0ifgk b s-qm9*l1 ymqy7t1ve $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intema91zd *tbq/wqm qk(,nsity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-Tzm,k 1qw*t(qa9d/m bqeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the d-tzwv28s ndw8-+aju i ecay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasde.mm:t6+ faln8 y*z6lxm ew -ddba72ed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requirv tc dt pe9n6p768da0r./ ifmded to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were s z3b/:iolhw(+bzr :p the kaon instead op (z3+r:zbol/ si: bwhf the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward ea1 p+ lx)bpv;3x4z*s-rb hsyjjch other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have ifpbb-zly1h ps+ );vjs4jx*r x3 a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kineticwkcd+dy:b1 1i7d (,gpwzsgs 6 energy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each o1ips6:1 wwdgdz y,dgksc(+b7 ther, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force usinh43g),9v pw1mu vg njig Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particle94wj ip )vgn,3mvg1hus as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced whe(oy5n d04ar4rijim8j 7:-je;pwvqm gn a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate? 4p7;5mn: qj0wij(rvjy ra- 4gm8id eo$2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossiblz1p:gq-a t;xglyp 7g ,e for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind,l;pxztg71g:q a,pyg - how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons pi/0flr yuy2l5c9 x-g/zaeo1wm o4h o/roduced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head 9m 5r4oou xw/yfyg12 hl/a0coli/ z e-on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For thk spmybq;.3w4n j 8sk9ose forbidden, explain wk9b. js;mq pn4yw8ks3 hat laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two p .rsl0, kvsm:groducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron iv3d.h jr;3x d2dnjcv3 n the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of the,;vne+s sm2ogde *h 1l $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width on tbv hjeahb)/d :sx;4jt), 0cf the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width od ty5r2,hl qshzm4 v 3+gv7v:yf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy widt1mt p:tbb:ycc/ zf5;ov v g1)lh (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following.8) 9ci*jgfvv3my fhy decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which vjh*.ivyfg)fc 9m3 8ylaws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutrj- fs7x2ujy:abb( x 4von, (c) aj2uy (xjbb ax-: 74sfv $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the fob 13/ xz2zdotvllowing quark combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination need*cqcpmbj 9w,9wlv(0xm z7o: a3fk0vned to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for ti5i4on2wr 8j q; rzsw+he reactionrj4i2 z+;r 8wqwonis5 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the rei3ky6 ( btbl-raction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 Ge(ofxr7u(*l.jo3ra6 uabt p j5V? What is its wavelength? jx6 *po(a u olj5u7bra f3(rt.
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-kmi/,p xydu u 9(70msjgh-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If the/dgs(uuhpm90j,y7 xiy are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron anc70-i )qqupfv .*pi8ph;2knoy -kwgqnihilate each nf iy7 uqk-0qi;po-vq h8wgpc *2.)pk other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the followi:g ax32;* gd8gxwki ydng reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exp8d3x iyak2 ;wdxgg*g:lain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what dbf 7wo5nq 8b)interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain whw 7of )dnbb8q5y.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a o h 2tgp,if4*u61 urjo$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrowrk(r mgc +y4 e*fe/( 9gudts4feak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value fordfd sko78-mi2h) rx/m each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. dk r2h)mi /s fd8xm-o7$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the 1s+2+pt: na+d:kf yh1jusp) fwk0b(f:sawaz reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fe hp.tk(ec lc66e pr/u(rmions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest anmwetn d*l)l+x 1 z*6wcx,s/s k)u4bdt d produce two pions, n+)bmll ks,ww x*)1td6 xc*/dz 4uets$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-cai: dp0wh;d5ghyw;fl8 lled unification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in azgb/1u 4rwos, ryw5-b reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created uby-zwsr 5bg 1,w4 /orwith a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reb t:m *8 qyj7.u;l aztexe/uk)actions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describ aqz)l) /nf b-,bjwwp7.dtf y)sa8u1pe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speerfgo x;tf y(. :0*dkmgd of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?