Give a reaction between two nucleons, similo 29-y4o1zhvdjyap 8q ar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a -y9y8 opdjva1 hz2o q4$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving a z11zhwlpk3zdk -pyp.+0 nir/t very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its r rz1-ink d p 1k/pp.h3wl+zy0zest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constical l0biyh h-5z 4w)t4tuents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiawhilcy4h) a ztb45l0-toms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic utjl5 x7pc ;5jeiwi +1interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay prup1m zy ;;hs.qerja;l34fy yz4nj34hoducts of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interactiop1s 4f ;;l44ja. 3yuqzy mjynzh hr3e;n produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutfo6tza6w ks6x 7 t)tp/ron and one of its decay )7ztat6 6/w6f kxostpproducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, 27opym 4aiwb.,qk f8 fweak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrin8 7w,yap f4fo.b2m kqio? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays *u8sh.s t4ibzn)q:d2hdj( vmin Table 32-mhzvu ) :b2qt(d.d4sh8njs*i 2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the e te 4kf4vim n.:ajce*l8 jh1,zlectromagnetic interact8.me iet, *a1hjcjv4:4zn lkf ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak ik l;iq+(ry.p; h*lfalf e x:dezs)u. :nteraction?

By what interaction, and w wlfi(me6(lakhhbw0:, 49 ofphy, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 y7 07*h (o-4 vyheifh vkvtxb-occur via the electromagnetic interact4 yvhfx i* othvh0-b7-ve(y 7kion?

Which of the particle decays r)bc,3k0 eaiv in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kinkhiz6qan/-j3ex*4 pr8 (l sqhd of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even existplxn* a/3s(4rek q-jzi6hhq8 s?

  Is it possible for a particle to be bow aou;ta7,9 vc,v7vxcth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamicp bfdst8vu sv313.r7w s, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks u3.wr78bst dv3vspf1 and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay whele g2/zzijp)y qso, /r *t/3t.)ura rhn they are free but not when they are inside the nucleusqlgrz o// rrat3y/u ,j i2tz))seh.p*?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of axc0gij li z36. proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elaz3 bk/(tzb tf- os7cq:7nz.z 9r 9sl;,hyjfgectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is usedh9a9uub.e nki+ w uj.* in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proto4na 23taro. 7gnxu/jq n in the 1.0-kjaog.x/unqa2r nt 73 4m-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Exu:l6 yfwze;q u370bmhample 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out detawb3kx 5fy b o.6of,op;ils of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles ow5okf 3p6o xyo., bbf;r 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 knj64 fbi61c).svn1bpzpzt 9zow6h +l V. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kfzo6z1)zt v46h jlp+ sn1pwb9nib c.6inetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengt -am3hd,.2wyrf9zhc fh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuw+0g n.mt u.n)lz mw6vterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius t3van8d 3i)u2kc twfm6unnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be requi68 a3ukdv2tn)mf 3cwired? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bs(fr,r zyba gin,2*m5*s czydc+ka e2uh 8.5yring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 mga+e,y8( .s zz 25y*fia*k,c ury h2n5sdrcb TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charg: /ajq xopkloi4n(5o2e $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrgoh:.kt9kjs7 otron for 1.0-TeV proto:gotk7k9 h.js ns? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the x mhiy7v+2.y vdecay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energe p0:z dse8uva -/8p/mna;fgy y is released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is ralx q*; 0j2w f2s;aw+yvvx0cdequired to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particl )lhkitk1xv.o/n 48 tqe were the kaon insteak vk.o )l4i/nthqx t81d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are headi fu(n q1h no3z/n8y i(,maodh,ng toward each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if a1(n3/8m d,,n(unhz hfoiq oay $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons ea:lmwdv vj c-t-6a(l .gch have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and tv.-ag ( :-vlldwc6mjproduce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak 5p1o nxjezd-:force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 oxe 1j :pn-5dzto $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a proton and anog59ipzvlx :1qd xi)2 tiproton at rest a: xq 5d lzi92gixpv)o1nnihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving je;x fqf.;uu+n yqo*:momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With thiqu+yq ;j:nofeu x*f .;s result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an ell msxzg-8: aapv9x;e2 ectron and a positron, each with 420 keV of lae:-p82zasg xx;9vm kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following rea6zyrhj: /z7o wsg):0lisf q3 pctions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain ws)zqrpsh:woy 0 3fg/ 7: 6izjlhat laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic z:wcanj4 u5o+hftuj w /8-1zw energy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electronh83k0axvge b1v beoa/i6:xt o p5uy; vo,l2. n in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of tg7 bd-; jb8odlkv8 ye-he $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of theybpktt 941k, d $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thet:: krk: u:xvbm2+ six $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy widt962or0 linesoidte 1 e9.jka /h (or uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those t zhbxz7c/wsmjplyf4.tq4,/8eot ; s*hat are forbidden, explain which laws arh pt/sw4sz ,. o4*;jmqe zfyblx 87c/te violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an *rv-jn1c*xn* z5hk brantineutron, (c)r* h j-krzv*b nx5nc*1 a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinatawcxpga /,0o/ ions produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination neoslso9qge r.wg/+39xti/nl ,eded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman d5) )6zsjcm :u5rkk cciiagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactionkk)j5crz5:6)cisc um $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagrlsii .tdh (b 1thg(a-6am for the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of atxw ,)fpnz)6f1a 5q+dzsi 8mi proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavel zf, d 1wntp i)zi6qax)m8+fs5ength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radiulo 6); c*xg6pexv4nqe s Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution6lq6e g)*;xxvpoenc 4, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when b e6w7d6fvbfijr7z nxp; 5 rf18j 4h6nan electron and a positron annihilate each dp86e4h7bb6nvjf wnr15 ;jxfzr7 i6f other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what inter r)8 e qnwy5:wpwvgo6+action could they occur? For those 5 gp+ve w: rwn68qo)wyforbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions qo,im; u*dd3dare possible, and by what interaction could they occuru*3, ; mddoiqd? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for asn6 -/az efrr9 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak t 49 9 z0tcsc:0bmbwto5s yl+fvheory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for pli7n 5.pxian +fl0ay *roducing a pion..yalp*0n a f ix75+nil $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value ,9sd v)hkn g,eobs6a)for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are tht5q7j8 ;nn ht+wwdh8gere in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each othf9 cz*vzn: o:os4gla 2er at rest and produce two pions, a:42g fs:*l o9vcz zon$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificati.k*dh : ts+u h mz8gmzpxo-13bon distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, mw7t0 8g509ml -y jmlmfk mt9noeasured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would itstmm07w 95kfyjtmo8-9ln gm l0 track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the fo8k. dfr0xcp d,llowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descsw znhok453yk5yc b82 ribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spz7l6ir 7j jr u5u2-osteed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?