Give a reaction betwehb ) f6bs6ab.:9frcspen two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a ahfb.ssb) r:6b cfp69 $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that illx u wcs)60jx .f) mwm4pyc27ts kinetic energy is much greater than its rest ecslm .02u)) fwmx47xc6jl w ypnergy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the ,b-+ ovoyk9oj/ nma 9vconstituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiab+ av, o/koj9-vmnoy 9toms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interactz+bmer m 1-a)ja(2a rfion?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a partitdyp aayzkx dyt /751volhijb0.36* 8cle necessarily mean that the decay occuyvy0hyp6j t.ta71/dkaxzo* l8 bi5 d3rs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays v reymhl(2 kcv rj0f-0a.f;av -ia the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?rke2aljcv 0(;mr f-hva0.yf-

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gra8+);q-tua 76qyj(rsu -pwzut7rgebm vitational) does an electron t wqtutuya 67+sz(-gr8bj-u7;q) mr peake part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in ekv) w/c3 gfxq vnvdvm;.g* :)vach of the decays in Table 32-2g .mv);) n:*f/vcxv3dv kw gqv.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnex6.iy b yaa(2jtic interactioiyxa6j( .yb2an?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interactqg6j9 0j n4aerv y/,czion?

By what interaction, and mld5e9*1faqn4b ic3(yyzv q- why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occu)jsh)8jxw5 vy r via the electromagnetic interaction?)vw 5j )h8xsyj

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak6u- 9 3aglt7 +uvotpgn interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was masslessd4k 8rv gzx*hpf7* r6s, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this partich 7d 6fx4pzr*g rk8*vsle even exists?

  Is it possible for a part3fjhl/d: us;xm8 z,aeicle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to fiq*lwg,i.hp ;qnd particles made up of two quarks and no antiqp.qgw* ;,qh iluarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they avp0p p9qsh 3x 3iz90:pqp+ a:cyqlon4re free but not when they are inside the nucleusq334s cpy0noh:pzq l9 qpi+:vpax9p0 ?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeVft9l 2; ki *-khw65ezcg9 rhea?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. ,z4 n+2vgdjgo E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic fieumkprwtc) g2vjc4/ 0fbs . 9l*ld is used in a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a v6d ag.)( 6wsvim :vpojery high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab acce wa6i)so j( vpgv6.md:lerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32l 7 :xr-mbgv :gl1t9bk-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particleso0j 80k( 120a+gzum ;w;uwrq nbua1sr9gyvmk or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with thez(y;g oq+20urka bm00 k98w mrg1suwj 1; nvua size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions c8x.4m zfe q ay,z10; xxc0glmdo protoal qxe0x8f;m1m0,4c gzx .zyc ns make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength/iqm y75pjo b8frb0d- ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate dz7 i0p1bjf, 0be,jhd d4usgr,g )v( xyeuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house 74k sd+pok2nc the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B = sc+7okd np4 k2   T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatro uc( bbt)w2argc1u-v.n takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that thebt.v ub-gu 12(acwr c) speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle-txth2nv: -+yxd + fji (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-k7(d-kl lcs85kaaugwrd;mmg6 4ac 1c+ m-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protogc+u4 1-ks7( g8l5 ccr lwadmda;amk6ns? B =    T

  How much energy is releywtcb4ff)/ o 0ased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is vmq dl1wo2)(areleased when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to prod *muwu5mwe. 0y3mz y)fuce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the -j pk9;m4lqkmstrong force if the mediating particle were the kaon insteadmpkm k4q;-9jl of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other wir,:ij ,sw udh7th equal speeds. What minimum kinetic ,,idw7 shr :ujenergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are d f ryy ,xcy;y3 0/fi7nd a,,zgadt7d9traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produnfar;fcdygy/, 7dydt z3709d xa,,i yce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force*bqc6z)a+sic f(abn;ubm7r1x ;ej e) using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as abo; bx1am))jbe* (s6uin qb c;+frcea7 zut 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a prz umpx6 5ba: fkm-c4a6oton and antiproton at rest annihila5 am: z 6cuma6fbpk-x4te? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is imp wvj3 ptut)e)445b6bbj*stmrp- pe y)ossible for an isolated electron to rad*b4b)twj3ty) e5m ubpe p p s)rtv-46jiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron an2bycx (sf (*xpd a positron, each with 420 keV of b(sxp* fc2 y(xkinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forsiiw0uzdm 9gqd*od.cl m* t(7i+i/ v0bidden, explain what laws dmi *0igtdscz/7 o .q+liu*wd(09vmi are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy omoc*o1qui6e 3f 72rl df jiq5.f each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kishq wb0e;4,.iibm a3znetic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimat6db24lmrkatj yv8 y/ iwor8 ph9 4o(r7e the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofdcy/zp d./nvcoxk n1( )t+,lo the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of (h2ng g1ov 4stq;e6su the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (oun/f- 1xev4*aan *ak5mj +l gc8gjck:r uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following 3 vxeke-a9lk1decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explain which lxae 3lke9k1 -vaws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a ov e/a56bkm8d) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, 8k5avom deb/6 (c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinatkrlh q(fv8 :yz6(qw+kions produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combqadicct,-m.: v48m; jmij + jw,.umthination needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reactionc2 v0cgk yw2 7 7;l3igw0r)j; wqskmzjk7c2g wgw2 c wqi jv 0slm7rk0zj;y);3 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reaction 0 hh-e)gk8hju$n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 q/ df ) y+y75qv(k sodml;qk)uGeV? What is its wavelength? )+;q fd(y7mykdl5qs/u kqov )
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-p*n2lusl*fpv* w +9qwkm-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accele*p+2 l*w*q pu9lsvfnwrated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an ele:uvp)n6 3pk5 c3c ;vrwz(k pyvctron and a positron annihilate each otp:w;p6(kup nrvv y 5c3) z3cvkher? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reau1x 9zvow;sow,hs2 n1i w6s97ny xu+yctions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain whynxxuhs 1 2syon1y; 6u7 swi9zow+ v9,w.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reacti6nbd/,opng20j fo ;)f l 5jrglons are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? F 6)b5g ;jlnodf o,2fjrpngl0/ or those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a wocuz2 crr6mtld (mv4;.8 f xrh3)q7l$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at aboutx - 5mzg q3jaw3p)41a9mohngh $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of tgi-dd /f8wx 1the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.d x wti1g/f8-d $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fo n2m4a le3e3qjr the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecule?c* do;z i2kmg/) ebn1y    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce +5+dk os26fa kp9j/ (g1p ti2vucmismtwo pions, +5uv9c2s2/gmmk ( kdfj1opp a+tis6i $\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifbd( z3u1 6;mmpfa)ufs ication distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed sx ji03jrl) lt z9e0,te 4-jrgin Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If axr0l9r etl0ei-tz3,4j gj )j s tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactia+spt64q2 ed im9uo+pn ,s6 flons.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model ty ,xl22h v)6p1tnopm vo describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed f0n n)/px:crvof light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?