Give a reaction betweok dx/b;,:su-5e qh edp .wh-oen two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a o 5.d:ukbx,-sow;h /e qd-phe $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high sbl4/ppy6as2 g/p+ hn speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater4s/l+asbn26g y pph/p than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of5,2z qdyl sot0 normal atoms, q5s 0d2zyt o,lconsist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic io dojg666u. uej. 8cdknteraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a p.ou9y5xl nir,+x4 nn;ze m2c 7vl jd)sarticle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Expl)2ld+nnl7; r vmo ,zu4 s xyn.x9ec5jiain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak ib5d 3etpv:b b6hns0*fonf9/ interaction even though the neutron and s db:t 065nneb*i /hop3bvf9fone of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, elxag4rli)wj / /bwb5 w,ectromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A)ib g,a w lrb5/wj/wx4 proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of thjh+,;jg.s *gcyb4x a 9q06vuk wdqm h.e decays in Table 32hq ,j;x.aj qc v0my4wh.6gb9gus *d+k-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 320i0agmbb:: uu mm5z 5x-2 occur via the electromagnetic interac b0x iz50b:am mm:ug5ution?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction12xq ay h1td,x?

By what interaction, trtfv0-k 0byp- tha+6 and why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via tha dmt*(.olxupcvy:aq;7e( t6 e electromagnetic interaction?(tqvm7.pcao e ;6tauyl:d x*(

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction? y3,mywam -m26jbkln5*5hgsq

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that x *uw9w r le5icu4oz ktg1h618was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could yowrkw oh* 51uc91tui8 x legz46u say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be b +wnin0h-))2*l a; vwgtzprrvoth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would i, hpyg :zg5wszz6/ v6bt be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two qgy z/v6h6:wz gpbs ,5zuarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they ar)h-2hl8 bj+xg14zdpfd : joere inside the nucleus?p8 -jbxdl j2h hd4):zg1r eo+f

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whore ;b 6jna(uz 4iad77wse kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV elect26ss 6vrp:dpk rons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protonjgy ) fwe m9 hi,p8c suxr-meu2fl*ej*u ,;5n)s make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy protonh pr k+wyc9n*qn8wm0, in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator?n9cpk,rh0q wwn my8 +* T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accelera/ji,ya2dvtgua v 4 +*cted $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pich l;d 2evly.2tbl5-e b9mf1rlking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protonsb;edl1l- m2v 5 btyhrll.2ef9? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions atwmcn+:q/jb)qm5. j q4z ;xodo protons make t) wb;z tq 5j/xmcn.qa:qo4mj+o reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthyje:0t 3n3avdl 2v k2n ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to . 4nr xnqw-zb-gyw( 6maccelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will h2j cz hfct;u(i) x7d.sz*-,7repekdp20z ye be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of)zee2-c(j ;z h z7pht.ukyi*x0dd 7f ,p2cs er energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to br (-;7d s hk-8dmh4dtusma0sc ying the energies of tmc4d-(m u; -asys 7kstdd hh08he stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle)mdz54e zi wz9kg5 w6oul:qu/6nd (f k (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is nbn0w1- 5kj irfeeded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B =nfr1b0 kj5 -iw    T

  How much energy is r1di gul8u311lyjl4 seeleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy isdg;zk- pg 6ng7)olk ghp)v+i 4 released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutrtt y)t. z 8z944yf2/g ;m5cowhwits uhon pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon i c+f0tij;ype 1nstead 1tp yfi0+j; ceof the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with vdv- u)eu77umequal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have if ae -v7mu)7u uvd $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if t(q8*kup vwoac3;ev i o/vyy8,hey are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and prod 8/yuvo,( pv8iw;evk3o*y qcauce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of 5d0lxbw8de :(4 wmg kuthe W andmb50 8wdugled:kw( 4x Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons prodig *sbry.yl .3uced when a proton and antiproton at rests* .ybrl3y ig. annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is imj)5k kfwovk,li )z2 -b+y hce)possible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photj5 k))v2cbhkek+ ,i o)z-wylfon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons producedz d ow5lg93+gc when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV o5g9oc+lz gd3 wf kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the followingx xfd wm.)1e* 7nil0pd5+vqig reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, ei70xp *)lx gv.mddwe51ifq n+xplain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in themr1c dm87r *oy0)wcvgafn2 7k decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron .bh 5y vgc,;ksvk ;g3uin the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estis *4g3m6oddi ixciw35rnu) 8vmate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width odrfz x r)8;tr;f the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o )tx,zn vr2m l2i,xtny896 dzff the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or5jmprzt0 h. +u wb18jq uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For h wq)vsc(x)*irnm+j,those that are forbidden, explain whicirq wjm*xc( vn,s+)h)h laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinationsx vf29ai *k5rxse. 4 tw6zysu0 that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a k*ztvwx50asxu6 24rsfy.ei 9 $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quar9u+ehh7h--9z-j ;b iak/ mgm w etlkh6k combinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce a kjtp19smhk5) g8-x , (y mikbw$D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for uulbd9)lo5 p-dqm*f;p.v) eg the reaction oep df) ld.u- p)9m *;ugbv5lq$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fsyy)5hn nxcm(lhv+ -wc+; i-ior the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energyuov-6u 4tac9nk;u:xur3 oy gd39 mo n* b1p4ex of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavel b1vu:3-3u4 om9dkoue9a prut6;4y*xncnog xength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an enbl*0v +cpsg4nergy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each rp*+4 clnvs0g bevolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is releasedtggv458xqja ( gec/ iv7mz8l+ when an electron and a positron annihilate each other? 8vj 4lag c8zm7vgg eitx/(5 q+$E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are pox;. yh6pbed8vr*d7hzssible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explaib.* e 6pryzd8h7dh;vxn why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following mxr zm4eg cc31 ele q+8r;f9r;reactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbideq r81c;m+z lxgmr;394eec frden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 6eho.zxk9a5/ d1apiz $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the5 8 m3l/b diy1pozdp6r electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4,9p. l.45nq kgl/heozk for producing a pion. pk4z 95l/onkhq. eg.l $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the r ooiy t9wbmt; 7z/qu61eaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are/j r+hj ug o:h1s9uyj6 there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at res 3a/l8rzus n ;+zlrmc;t and produce two pions, l cuz n83zma;+l/; rrs$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distances )c4s2;bw -.;uwe.elr ax 6hrucn1 he of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in termso/a9 ( 0vcpkyfdzyn 26 of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic enezp9v /6kca d0yon2(yfrgy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the fo9dseumy: q*j8 /hkj,j llowing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model ,4k3 svwxzs bnj,tnf4yc:92 ato describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the s61- v ymuch9dmpeed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?