Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that aluy3pbm it(0k,vi) 0could produce a ,ikmp(v3li ya 0u0 bt)$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is; v9ncbqte5 p8 much greater than its rest enerpvb5 n t;9q8cegy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constitue /o;d ayfqrhl+ecf*r3 : m whzir91g52nts of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of q3em2+h9ofycl;/ *f h iaw 5rzg1:rrdmatter?

What particle in a decay signals t0 -d9h) sokkd2kihpczg:+f x- he electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of aeq,dpe.dn6ip+dm xy * g p4qz0,-v1yq particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays viq1+v4-qgen pyy,ed.dm 0qz ppd6x*,ia the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via*a6w 4 .wt- qu;zewjxc the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton)e*wu.4w6-z ;aq t wjcx are strongly interacting?

Which of the four inter1y6cdss)cg -ractions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A prcd)1rcy- 6s gsoton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each rzma6 ,upwkuo r/m2oy-i-55 n of the decays in Table 32-2.i-a6 m w,o 5ryk5 upm2/uoznr-

Which of the particle decays in Tabar8d6 k nxw8b9le 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interactrna8x6wdk8 b 9ion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interactionk v.iu f+ xgg4c.vtbz ql,;/v:?

By what interaction, and 2y4 9*n zx,and/ ovwddcy9hf6why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in T*9wqk)k q tz)wable 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactiwk)*q ktwz9 q)on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak intera ;o8o zae66mhoction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" tha)6pj;l vxomj ny+d 6n(t was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle evenopl j;x66)mn y +(djvn exists?

  Is it possible for a paai8m3acful 76b**q3wjc 9wz orticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particl7 ;bol)vemn3n ..mk dhes made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two que bdnn7 .v3.l;hmmok) arks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they t*co:q*ej.mxb++-b oe ), wnqsepu d(are inside the nucleus?o +woq:+-.b(bpt)cj snmex*d e e*,qu

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a protons7lx7al) )pywkd1 sc / whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength ofvo(+; 7dl sfgxcz5 k t/i5nvr9 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cygw 7:f.;qril;9n48weonrx lyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one completeowwld92 6:qxsuy b.d/ revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab : xwuq69yw.2sd ldo/b accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 f+nv73c/+az af1b ep4u k fz(faccelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha par): 251e-pyjmkxz3 ck v3eittgticles or 3kemi :zt531-tkpvj) 2 cxy3eg0-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revok+t8 1pqb7x nnlutions do protons make to ren8q7 +xb1pn ktach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (46b2 we9h hwqx$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of0ua0wz*q/98huupb y v 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunneztp b ecwatr 2dw5+vw*:hhw2zz-9) x6l that will be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 6wwhxb vcp*hdtw +9 : 5z)rtzew2a -2z7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bri)cnqj/bw21hv2ut2r mw5i c.u ng the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimaituv1)225/cnuhr wb jc. 2q mwte the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a partb(cuwasyh+a.d:zh)rc /n :t 7o:a9gdicle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius ymw0db75aqz13qpseuk bn:99elt 8s 2wfxv78 Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-Tewm9ezqb v81 2t7pfy q0bs:7ue5wka89n3lsxdV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released inukt.iw(vq5k0gwx( 32d)k +ud1 qkdty the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released whe) reg;c0xp3v mn a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is requi . 8i3,cppzix4hn n)wwred to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the sramvz2xos3w*wn 6+ 2 eg 7lg p(b+o+jptrong force if the mediating particle were the kaon insteadvezjrwx( n 6+ 7gsl2wp a3g2+o+p *bmo of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal sh5( h).)by wwc ,wqn xkds+r1npeeds. What minimum kinetic energy must each have ifwwh bnc+qw5 rhsx.)d(,yk)n1 a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy hdt4sx4n 1 cs6must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and prodct 4xdn64s1sh uce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using kq84/ brjol8e Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles asobjr/ eq84k l8 about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of tynxe+1 xna5;flaero90 3 xd-she two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihef nx-ayo53;1lr xnasx0 +9d eilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momenjq,y0av. ljr+ tum and energy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can jyrqv.0j +a,lyou defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons producou0mh ud3j wm5 -c,oc6ed when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, ann umd0-c3ow5mu6jho,c ihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are d:mgx 20 cc-pdpossible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violated. mgcdcx- 02 :pd
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the def5 ,f gpd0vip6cay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the decvv:kd61,v mra ay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estilxp, ja x 4g2 fs:gyw*rjn-b,,mate the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width ofm/org0(k0tq6a 0yf .njer/ lq the $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th1 .myq)7u .3yay elx:jtc e0ime $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or un w7 ns+cgufp93certainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For u( v18(zaz5 n*1xk.j fgfgy uhthose that are forbidden, explain w1( x1(jfzgu*z5n f8uyvka. ghhich laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (xhj93j ;e o3vy48g(9w b*vlkjuy*un vb) an antineutron, (;vo* l n k43y3j(j8yjbvugw *uxehv99c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations proux4poldx6 5hd,.g;)gdtik2y)t lv * oduce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination hwk(h9,4th hgneeded to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (aso:tky3mkq ba+p+c-*r in Fig. Below) for the reaction tcqp3+ay r*kom:b +- k$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the hz x*//0ru04bs r: zu.s78u llzlklzsreaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a profq1tpnmz .;* xton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? q*npmt1fz ; .x
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with*xtgf5/q8i sf an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel aft /x58qs* gifnd approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and (2zf +say/c pda positron annihilate each otherapzc d+s2/ f(y? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what5,axr j; ,v3z*n/ oxxc bo;mpc interaction could they occur? For those fon3 xo jobcpxv;*zacx r,;5m/ ,rbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, /8y3( qvyb9do2f/hkla vf, kfand by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, exf(fvb,d hkflkv92y3/8 qy oa/plain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a y3ea/r -*25n3aosfr sgnba+ i $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abouayh9 0 0v4oyart $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions,b xdsw9z1ufo;g-1i -- n: hbao Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. :9-hxwa1bb1 s-gifonu-;do z $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value fon20i+lsl wfh 7r the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in f e:zml1 j;9ri( x4a*skzs.awa water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produh(.h 9yln:v6j 5vrm hkce two pions, v9.r:hn mh(hjv 5 lyk6$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called 6s6-kcoejb,edsu.)a7/l.dh .j xyb uunification distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of pk j;qk+h0*ixkw 1nck1z9uu .mroper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be a0 ;+kk9 h*iu cjn.kwq11ukz xms measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following b0fy;j4 izb1 lreactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to descri e -qwcmgoh2pe47i-*r be the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the090l/nq cw wbx speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?