Give a reaction between two nucleons,ht xm. /a v;8cptbug(. similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a (ch;pvag/ b m.ut8t .x$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinsiy0e hg 4.u2inpj4h8pl :* yvetic energy is much great 84hnipye gi:4v*lpj.0u ys 2her than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made uc6( 8 bje/smvs *zbtu6+1rmbzp of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in6b* +6u bse zrzmtsvb8/1c( jm contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the e plly;o:-f s )4iukc8olectromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a parti;t :;lmbe3i)p:jkj lwcle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neu)mljibk3 j::;; tpelwtrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the 8pa-b /b szl/rneutron and one of its -8pzslbra/b/ decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagneb 72l,dshhrf/ x 3ga)cdy50 dztic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part 7szl)3ghr2/yh b dcfdx ad0 ,5in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays z6u 3hn/g34,ezzolww in Tableuhn3/wo6 ,zw 4ez3lg z 32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur we p6aitg0pm0.b:2 cook /5p qvia the electromagnetic interactionwkt2mq: opgp6po./ ic5a00eb?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak i-g oe3.5a1b.rp cf qswnteraction?

By what interaction, awjfp 6 js)/wxb5hxr4 0nd why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decayrsn( pb-/m 6ous in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactionr /(uo n-mbsp6?

Which of the particle decayskt )y+pc 7lhmxz uq /i,/ 57igg y8fvk/po)a*j in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless e6d1s6o,fl.e)v;za)amrh jp , had no color charge or rm;avlh.)j6)d1 o,p6aes e zfelectrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be b,f.;x/iht-4jhfqlv; i-nsq a oth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynams mt8 g6mm-8j-ods+1to*utfj ics, would it be possible to find particles maso+toftm6t- 1s m dgj-j8mu*8de up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when tj-a+iq 8xq 7eohey are inside the nucleus?+e jiqo87-xqa

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a prqw dnp085j7li8drcdgw+ ; l u-oton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. E = t6vro199t gf3w* l ru31wrlvz   $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons mak k9jy +by.oc2ve $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete/*rc2b2uxfmr ny x(r 3 revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? Trmx( u brnc*y32rfx2/ =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 aca,za5rz u-j 3ycelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details s(h9s4 oiunk(of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus4sishuko9(n ( .  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron ie+rx.p -2cni 7:72fn(kr zazrgq1 fmhs 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic en hz77r2mgafcnn+er2.ik f r:- px1(zqergy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (.v6 *lkq1xacw$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is j1 ,w hy)kh:te7vvh:pto accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for the Largopiq7:2;3 wa4x e rzyge Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7py2 xr4;zo3g 7aw:qie.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevarsnom *fzqbw+j td 75 *b4j/n1tron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The accej5n *bd sbqn7+zm f1wj*ro /4tleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy o(yi8 y/6 d(ap wxvnar 5kze8+zf a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is nee)d3l-5ug-ulr8y kgouv*9w)a5zh,p ehp 6 xwhded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV pl9ga*, )yhwx ) k5 odzuel-wvh h6up5pu8g r3-rotons? B =    T

  How much energy is released i 1:p/jp9 obzp6k5995 bed* anwekj g nxq)s5rpn the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releaq ; s,6llwptyu),klqa56; ftkv a3g1msed when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to producethfc bb33ck+3 a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the stron3n cgth( xechc80( a x9bpc,/yg force if the mediating particle were the kaon instxe,c8 9p bh(3ngcyc(x0ac/h tead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal speeds. What p f-i.q4 u(cn4 +mbhhnminimum kinetic enub(q-nfcn.ih4 4hm+ pergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energydie , mxkb372k1 c5x, pmk/hsn must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward ea, kk7s p3xekn 2m/x1bc5di,hmch other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of lrbfqx47 :.2or;yjy kthe W and Z particles as about 80k;r r4q:x yf2oy7j .bl to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the tw*qyyxq oe w2o0u2f40 ao photons produced when a proton and antiproton at ayo0 eu*04y2wq2fxqorest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and enerpgq/:f3 ii7pdgy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) Withipdfig /3 p7:q this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an e -sphm4* 63.og+tvjgzt) mium lectron and a positron, each with 420 keVtp -)mjszgt+4m.hgom 36*uvi of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, +f.ccf zz:b(b0wjz/ oexpljz :ob(fbz.+0 w czcf/ain what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in thi9g9, :kp:rl sj-iz pae decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energox: l)m p0kwu5y of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then th*e kkdfp 3 8qy y:gk+ra5 2x81glx.mhae lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the tpo4izd) c:3 gi4 f1xu$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thdt8 lwv+c-af r3* ww8be $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or pofsz8ms(u, ( uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possibob7 ti0 f(6gtrle? For those that are forbidden, explain whi0ftt gb(o6ri7ch laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, m0 ct7xo2f*px (b) an antineutron, (c)tx70c 2mfx* po a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinatione ef;q7hof+llhnc.iw)zo)- * s produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combinatio,hqakhrl0 b5.n needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quakjx amkhw **+9rks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction h+*xk awmkj9* $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the rer3admy,45:wppw qla+sr5 s c(action $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic ekxe lb).f o7-aq7d(l mnergy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelength? b7ldlqma ef-(.7xko)
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.*35f spbu qw56mb5vtl 0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and a s pmw5v6ut5q3*b5flbpproximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron uv2y1p h y2(ev becr48and a positron annihilate each ou r( yv4pcey2bevh812ther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction ckzb98ht- c,jbyql :/t1 x(i3s lp7tmvould they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. sc xq vb(-pim9t 7t:j 81zly/,khtlb3
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction could th ls.l8.su atd 8g.jyw.ey occur? ull.ywsgt. ad88js..For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for adgi rs7 n:mwt(6cxcl.(.eqj 0 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory atl 3 snf-cllt;qk:3 cf)pjvt9: about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing)zeqlauw-e:z 0m (*qr a pion. ez e* :(m)-qzluw0raq $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactr;a, qaf5sf 5t( kmkq7ion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental ferjrq*r3 bkaqttm: (6i (mions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton anu9w x,mz bclvo68sv5; nihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, x bl; 9vum6,s5zw8 ovc$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called uni jq0c*sy68y5m2wx : (zdc dnswn,l3jgfication distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in jusz+r )1e jk,a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on j,js1r zk)+ue average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactn jtar251 vu d2a)g64dw+nv la6.d:ncl1hjyeions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to dehp:kd a 8y)oc*scribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed off13gwd;v c7ez light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?