Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could prof *z (-lbkb6-z s6r/z99fzzfibni0b f duce a r(fbznfbsizfbz -kz z6*l 699fb/i 0- $\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at vi8d+v9nfpd 4 kh+umy 8ery high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much great 4d8+du vkm8p yfi9hn+er than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made*trb 1rykwl( -fg;91 ,yjulpl up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of1bwr prk1 gy,* ( ll-yu;ljt9f matter?

What particle in a decay signalspr5 y*p dft /9+w2cqp7;ny bwr the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of :bb(s* dz6qr.x)/kjd a3x *pvi fy/ e ,fvxf(ua neutrino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decabzr(i d*av)x /fe.*6 kxv (yp3f:j f,u/ dxbsqys via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interactiolsw)ap8(uoc7i+ -a qhn even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are pa8icu)loq +7(wh-as strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitationax1y-t a2 c+b*4sqmi bu b)ss*el) does an electron take parteucys +tasbi*-)m bbqx s 12*4 in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays innmslt7 hx asj.h:g1+dg3p1.j Table 32-2xl mhaj.1g3 .spg1s7nd:t+hj.

Which of the particle decays inn we bb 9-1dk*/pmppg9 Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interac1-bm9 wpnk9bp/ gepd *tion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the wsnukvuk /l0 c enn79h2)on5g79wk fa1eak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doesy lxq++o-e)ivv6ta6 n $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decn3 h j0 ozz(vmf hp8+;l3u9vqyays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interactio 0 mlofvny9+;h 83zuz(3vhpqjn?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occ zbr f78pjxn./ur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kinrma6;rvm9: gf d of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force a:gvr;fmm6 r9. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a p/ y clpr/kjny3mtq/14ntd21u article to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be p9cttj/se(ev)(tfy)b - * jvq aossible to find particle(ts )*yj/fet9aj)c tvqb(-ves made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free buta)nt ujh (ls.(or5 :s)6b0w,tycvewi not when they are inside the nucleus?hoywc:(tst.)r)( 0b ai wl vs6ju5ne,

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6j0i4ye10cjl umlzmh -8p3 qu4 .35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the waveleng*ze ; 0oci sc5rtdowi1mf2(agne8lk *1md d((th of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron )yiw4 s/bb t.pin which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a vef;wq( jdee7 t2ry high-energy proton in the;2 tjdwe(ef7 q 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 32-2 accel rrz. twrvcn1)* w3:vmlp4q1lerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking on 5dlnkz8 (gt1ut details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their 1l( dgtk5zn n8wavelengths with the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotrozm8e+1b opeu5u d49 mt.seuu9 n is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons m9s5t81m9ezupd uebue .m+o 4uake to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength q brk*c6ujejm tv98.lbj+;9y ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons (pm*lnw.9.j ni)o8 f ib$^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets qu599re:x 0*+d- wfsrj mzqgbb6y eu0 for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field dgqe u s*xw:9ezbf9yu j5r+b q-0r06m will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevav(3b:-)dlh hsue * spbtron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentiall l) v(ssbdheu* p3hb:-y $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charg3ar.8/ vpvndoh v8es4e $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab syydf2a u.jpq2. nf:e 8jnchrotron for y.2 d. j2fnqfu ea:j8p1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is rebuxcsb-er.5k 6* t36il n fl)eleased in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when aoh+jt**tm-3rg phm*rv q 62g v $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineuib rd 9 hsscms*d57-zu: xfs)3tron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of thens1-xk/dgjv gm.a3( 6 zfj 3xp strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion. 31(xakz md.j /sngxjgv3-6 pf $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with equal spexcb0qk0s r 8hq 2ti8-meds. What minimum kinetic energy must hm -q0c0xi8k 8rqs2tb each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if they are travelia b myoqkzwn9ti(8i/+l5 1d (lng at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produmlklan1t/y zb85 9( qi(o+i dwce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the .1y26( m;ly jehk uj8xbg ef8uzo (3 .uhvie;fmasses of the W and Z3 g;8j(vm xeyui2 fukj61f.ezeu b8hl. o(hy; particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons)ds,hf +kq9mpzst0n/:wo 0 sm produced when a proton and antiproton at rd9qf/ th+smm0zk )o0swn p,:s est annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it r m6y5p8x(f 6 gfiph/fis impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in rg6fpmh( fip6f 8y /x5mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons pr-bg0y ( ryd4cqoduced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 k y y(c0rdg-4qbeV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possiblk)ww+ +gn.n*ke*jm xue? For those forbidden, explaiw+kj emn+xk u n)*.w*gn what laws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the decay so4u)5xnlwjg7f+qhu n0m * uq 9o/ sr:$\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrox :q 1l j314sktqgke lk)s.sw0n in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estima52ti4z2z+ 4ogntw nb ete the energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of a:pyo,5a 4cafthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of th7 3dfgb g0xa 0jwz;b7he $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or hqun:dq9 /+cy uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those thaia25ja l xj:hu /j(4 ck)nei5pt are forbidden, explain which laws are violatekeajn/:hp2x4(l cj) ui5ia j5d.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a ne 54wk2esnvp7 2t iio/qutron, (b) an antineutron, (c2i e2 tno s4iv/5kqwp7) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark ,/equk g98d- xsdde+1a )twdi:x o+oucombinations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed tok-3tn z.ra zh5 produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman d lmho0bux3 i, k8ayd(ru;ct+6iagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction lkxa cori+ub 83,( tuy;dhm 60$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the reactmvw;hp mx)5n*ion $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? Wha k x oq6xa o4rt++7raxmmft3)x,o: 6vft is its wavelengt,aox6tr6 +x)xrqokm:+ 73o fv 4xfatmh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radiuj4. pp*sgwe6j s Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how p j4w.6egsj p*long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and apmui /g ntrixc71/p8. rop+1j positron annihilate each ncio+ j/u/p7i.rx pg18rtm1pother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions au+e uzblx-bj- i (a1.rre possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, l-1i+ ujub(xr ez -ba.explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what nrhdvv6(4 8 0s:eeic9u:*spurez o8ans2g) ainteraction could they occur? For those forbidden, r8v*ie :u)s46n:92 o cng eshas80uaervz pd(explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a*-/3jmy 3ggthhefg b ou kg(0m1 :7hcp $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak thas(7(disrh4v b4u hu 1eory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for :jd;bz75 a vvei03k nah0bb 8qeach of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion.7azkhen0 i3q b8abv 0;jvd: 5b $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valu(ms /n 1jvao*o:q 0pyg;xpp4ye for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental ferm)2 mie 3 cxaeebp5wb(o- 8,uvtions are there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antip b*8xmk c-fqae*j d9t8roton annihilate each other at rest and produce two pions, e8-q*8fkbd j9*axcm t$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificc3nikl):r ga- ation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, meas zf0/oqu:2 4 ctdn bqfg,ov(h9ured in a reference frame where the particle is atb/qn, (f9tq 0c:zho fvgo24ud rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing p61nem,kb(k2vmli:sqjaj 0 )g article in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to desntwf.cdd(0 , rcribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spee g-2,u3 hhipa6a0ndxnavkh11xc o( :sd of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?